Hovering performance of Anna's hummingbirds (
            <i>Calypte anna</i>
            ) in ground effect

Kim, Erica J.; Wolf, Marta; Ortega-Jimenez, Victor Manuel; Cheng, Stanley H.; Dudley, Robert

doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.0505

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…A perplexing problem presented by the findings of this study is that pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in zebra finches look similar to that of hummingbirds-a result that was not expected. Anna's hummingbirds have an average wingbeat frequency of~34-45 Hz (Kim, Wolf, Ortega-Jimenez, Cheng, & Dudley, 2014;Tobalske, 2016) and zebra finches also have a relatively high wingbeat frequency of 27-30 Hz during forward flight (Donovan et al, 2013;Tobalske, Puccinelli, & Sheridan, 2005). In contrast, pigeons have a much lower average wingbeat frequency (6-7 Hz) during forward flight (Berg & Biewener, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia)

Gaede

Gutiérrez-Ibáñez

Armstrong

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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In birds, optic flow is processed by a retinal‐recipient nucleus in the pretectum, the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (LM), which then projects to the cerebellum, a key site for sensorimotor integration. Previous studies have shown that the LM is hypertrophied in hummingbirds, and that LM cell response properties differ between hummingbirds and other birds. Given these differences in anatomy and physiology, we ask here if there are also species differences in the connectivity of the LM. The LM is separated into lateral and medial subdivisions, which project to the oculomotor cerebellum and the vestibulocerebellum. In pigeons, the projection to the vestibulocerebellum largely arises from the lateral LM; the projection to the oculomotor cerebellum largely arises from the medial LM. Here, using retrograde tracing, we demonstrate differences in the distribution of projections in these pathways between Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia). In all three species, the projections to the vestibulocerebellum were largely from lateral LM. In contrast, projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds and zebra finches do not originate in the medial LM (as in pigeons) but instead largely arise from pretectal structures just medial, the nucleus laminaris precommissuralis and nucleus principalis precommissuralis. These species differences in projection patterns provide further evidence that optic flow circuits differ among bird species with distinct modes of flight.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia)

Gaede

Gutiérrez-Ibáñez

Armstrong

et al. 2019

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…For insects, with a notable exception of butterflies, the instantaneous information from flapping may not be as critical for simple flight dynamics models because flapping time is much faster than that of the entire flyer 2,18 . For butterflies the wing beat frequency is similar to the undulating motion of the body, suggesting that the flapping wing aerodynamics and flight dynamics are closely coupled to each other.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Experimental Characterization of Butterfly in Climbing Flight

Cranford

Slegers

Landrum

2015

AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference

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A novel experimental technique is presented for gathering data on the kinematics and trajectories of flapping animals and vehicles. An optical tracking facility was used to record the free flight of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus). The 5.7m×9.1m×3.0m capture volume allowed enough space to capture large numbers of sequential flaps. The system automatically tracked reflective markers, which we modified to reduce the effects of additional mass to the flight characteristics. This technique was used to record 2,000 flights of 86 different butterflies. A data analysis method is also presented which calculates information on the flapping as well as motion of the body. A sample of data analyzed over 75 flights spanning 9 butterflies in a climbing trajectory is presented. It was found that the flapping frequency of the butterfly remained fairly constant at approximately 9.89 Hz for all tests spanning a large range of climbing rates. The flapping amplitude was found to vary more significantly across the tests, with an average value of 243 o and a standard deviation of 23 o . The body of the butterfly was also recorded oscillating with the same frequency as the flapping. A phase offset between the flapping and body oscillations was recorded with an average of 90 o and a relatively small standard deviation of 7 o . The amplitude of this oscillation averaged 9.87 mm with a standard deviation of 1.43 mm. We believe the presented experimental technique can help improving our understanding of biological flight and development of micro flapping robots. Nomenclature f = frequency of flapping motion k = reduced frequency ref = reference length, defined as the length of one forewing left = position vector from head to left wing rear = position vector from head to rear wing right = position vector from head to right wing Re = Reynolds number St = Strouhal number ref = reference velocity, defined as the magnitude of the velocity of the butterfly γ = instantaneous flapping angle ϕ = phase angle between flapping and body motions  = kinematic viscosity of air = complex frequency

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“…[106,[153][154][155][156][157][158][159]. As expected, the unsteady flow environments result in notable impacts on flyers' flapping characteristics in order to maintain the lift, thrust and stability.…”

Section: Natural Environment Around Flapping Wingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerodynamics, sensing and control of insect-scale flapping-wing flight

et al. 2016

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There are nearly a million known species of flying insects and 13 000 species of flying warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals, birds and bats. While in flight, their wings not only move forward relative to the air, they also flap up and down, plunge and sweep, so that both lift and thrust can be generated and balanced, accommodate uncertain surrounding environment, with superior flight stability and dynamics with highly varied speeds and missions. As the size of a flyer is reduced, the wing-to-body mass ratio tends to decrease as well. Furthermore, these flyers use integrated system consisting of wings to generate aerodynamic forces, muscles to move the wings, and sensing and control systems to guide and manoeuvre. In this article, recent advances in insect-scale flapping-wing aerodynamics, flexible wing structures, unsteady flight environment, sensing, stability and control are reviewed with perspective offered. In particular, the special features of the low Reynolds number flyers associated with small sizes, thin and light structures, slow flight with comparable wind gust speeds, bioinspired fabrication of wing structures, neuron-based sensing and adaptive control are highlighted.

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Hovering performance of Anna's hummingbirds ( Calypte anna ) in ground effect

Cited by 28 publications

References 40 publications

Pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia)

Pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia)

Experimental Characterization of Butterfly in Climbing Flight

Aerodynamics, sensing and control of insect-scale flapping-wing flight

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