“…Although traditional biomass is renewable, its traditional use pattern releases a multitude of noxious chemical compounds and many inhalable particulates that are harmful to the environment and human health (Nkutchet, 2004;Clark et al, 2009;Mehetre et al, 2017). Often, these fuels are incinerated in opened fires or three-stone furnaces, leading to the release of dangerous levels of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, cilia toxic, formaldehyde and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Han et al, 2018;Irfan et al, 2018). As a result of the use of solid fuels, nearly 300 thousand people in SSA die prematurely yearly because of indoor air pollution, and many more suffer from severe diseases such as lung infections, asthma, eye infections, cancer, sinus problems, tuberculosis and cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2015;IEA, 2016).…”