Hot spot pollutants: pharmaceuticals in the environment

Dietrich, Daniel R.; Webb, Simon; Petry, Thomas

doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00062-0

Cited by 70 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Many compounds have been found to be not or only partially biologically degraded in sewage treatment plants (STPs). 1 Consequently, some of these bioactive substances are continuously discharged into receiving waters, potentially leading to chronic exposure of aquatic species. 2 Although environmental concentrations of pharmaceuticals are extremely low (nanograms per liter) when compared to other pollutants, such as pesticides, household and personal care products, aquatic organisms may be affected at a subtoxic level, as has been reported for estrogens.…”

Section: Antidepressants In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Endpoints for Potential SSRI Interactions in Fish

Kreke

Dietrich

2008

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

114

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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the pharmaceutical compounds frequently detected in sewage treatment plant effluents and surface waters, albeit at very low concentrations, and have therefore become a focus of interest as environmental pollutants. These neuroactive drugs are primarily used in the treatment of depression but have also found broader use as medication for other neurological dysfunctions, consequently resulting in a steady increase of prescriptions worldwide. SSRIs, via inhibition of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake mechanism, induce an increase in extracellular 5-HT concentration within the central nervous system of mammals. The phylogenetically ancient and highly conserved neurotransmitter and neurohormone 5-HT has been found in invertebrates and vertebrates, although its specific physiological role and mode of action is unknown for many species. Consequently, it is difficult to assess the impact of chronic SSRI exposure in the environment, especially in the aquatic ecosystem. In view of this, the current knowledge of the functions of 5-HT in fish physiology is reviewed and, via comparison to the physiological role and function of 5-HT in mammals, a characterization of the potential impact of chronic SSRI exposure on fish is provided. Moreover, the insight on the physiological function of 5-HT strongly suggests that the experimental approaches currently used are inadequate if not entirely improper for routine environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals (e.g., SSRIs), as relevant endpoints are not assessed or impossible to determine.

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Section: Antidepressants In the Aquatic Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Endpoints for Potential SSRI Interactions in Fish

Kreke

Dietrich

2008

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

114

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“…In recent years residues of human pharmaceuticals have been detected in various aquatic environments (Dietrich et al, 2004(Dietrich et al, , 2006. The almost ubiquitous occurrence and constant input of certain pharmaceuticals through sewage treatment effluents has ever since been thought to result in a chronic low-level exposure of aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of intraperitoneally injected diclofenac in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)

Hoeger

Dietrich

Schmid

et al. 2008

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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The detection of low levels of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments has lately raised concerns regarding possible adverse effects of these highly active substances on aquatic organisms. The non steroidal anti inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is one of the pharmaceutical substances regularly detected in surface waters and has lately been demonstrated to elicit adverse effects in salmonid species at environmentally relevant concentrations. The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of DCF in indigenous brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of a single dose of 14 C labelled DCF. A distribution kinetic over 36 h provides information on possible accumulation of DCF in different organs as well as on DCF detoxification in trout, possibly enabling identification of sites of preferential toxicity. Approximately 57% of the total single DCF dose appeared in the bile 6 h after i.p. application. Subsequently, DCF was observed to undergo enterohepatic cycling with an amount of 14 C activity comparable to the 6 h bile values reappearing in bile 36 h after application. Results for 14 C activity in intestine and pylori support the observation of enterohepatic cycling with a small peak in intestine at 3 h post i.p. injection and a low peak in intestine and pylori at 6 h post i.p. injection, reflecting presence of the drug substance in bile. The highest activity in intestine was found 24 h post injection coinciding with low levels in bile, followed by a gradual decrease of activity in intestine mirroring the re uptake of DCF into bile. The finding of enterohepatic cycling of DCF in brown trout is suggestive of a prolonged retention of DCF in brown trout.

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“…Acetylsalicylic acid is used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory, and is one of the most widely used pharmaceuticals. By 2000, sales had reached 1000 tonnes per annum in Europe (Heberer 2002;Dietrich et al 2002). Its rate of use in the UK is 18 tonnes per annum (Jones et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Determination of Single and Mixture Toxicity at High Concentrations of Some Acidic Pharmaceuticals via Aliivibrio fischeri

Dökmeci

İbar

2014

Environ. Process.

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Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) may cause serious and significant environmental pollution. Environmental analyses have detected pharmaceuticals in addition to conventional chemical pollutants. In our study, the acute toxicity of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, salicylic acid and substances that are mixtures themselves (INDS) on Aliivibrio fischeri bacterium were assessed with the use of ToxAlert ® . The selected materials are acidic in nature, highly polarized and widely sold over-the-counter analgesics. Doseresponse curves were drawn, and linear regression analyses and probit analyses determined their 50 %-effective concentrations (EC 50 ). The pharmaceuticals alone are unlikely to have acute impacts in aquatic environments. However, when evaluated in combination with A. fischeri bacterium, the acute toxicity of the INDS mixture was EC 50 7.09±5.1 mg/L and the acute toxicity of TUs was 14.10, which indicates their very toxic quality for organisms. Since the target components do not exist in isolation, we should primarily consider the toxicity of the mixture only at high concentrations.

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Hot spot pollutants: pharmaceuticals in the environment

Cited by 70 publications

References 15 publications

Physiological Endpoints for Potential SSRI Interactions in Fish

Physiological Endpoints for Potential SSRI Interactions in Fish

Distribution of intraperitoneally injected diclofenac in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario)

The Determination of Single and Mixture Toxicity at High Concentrations of Some Acidic Pharmaceuticals via Aliivibrio fischeri

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