The Determination of Single and Mixture Toxicity at High Concentrations of Some Acidic Pharmaceuticals via Aliivibrio fischeri

Abstract

Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) may cause serious and significant environmental pollution. Environmental analyses have detected pharmaceuticals in addition to conventional chemical pollutants. In our study, the acute toxicity of ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, salicylic acid and substances that are mixtures themselves (INDS) on Aliivibrio fischeri bacterium were assessed with the use of ToxAlert ® . The selected materials are acidic in nature, highly polarized and widely sold over-the-counter analgesics. Doseresponse curves were drawn, and linear regression analyses and probit analyses determined their 50 %-effective concentrations (EC 50 ). The pharmaceuticals alone are unlikely to have acute impacts in aquatic environments. However, when evaluated in combination with A. fischeri bacterium, the acute toxicity of the INDS mixture was EC 50 7.09±5.1 mg/L and the acute toxicity of TUs was 14.10, which indicates their very toxic quality for organisms. Since the target components do not exist in isolation, we should primarily consider the toxicity of the mixture only at high concentrations.

Evaluating the Ecotoxicity of Different Pharmaceuticals Using Aliivibrio Fischeri Bioassays

“…A lower inhibitory effect was observed for two of the chemicals tested, Naproxen and Ibuprofen, The results obtained for ibuprofen showed an EC50 at 64.41 mg/L in spite of other studies showing that was 39.89 mg/L [16]. Naproxen had a small inhibitory effect, under 50%, but there were studies showing an EC50 value of 53.35 mg/L [14]. However, EC50 values for naproxen were in a large range from 19.95 [16] to 53.35 mg/L [14].…”

“…Naproxen had a small inhibitory effect, under 50%, but there were studies showing an EC50 value of 53.35 mg/L [14]. However, EC50 values for naproxen were in a large range from 19.95 [16] to 53.35 mg/L [14]. An explanation about low inhibitory effect of Naproxen may be that the naphthalene nucleus inside the structure is not split into the cell and, as a result, no secondary metabolic products more toxic will be generated.…”

“…An integrated approach to current sources of PHACs released into the environment, the interaction between environment and substances, their capacity to decompose and their remanence in the environment and, significantly, the risks they present are particularly important in order to be able to predict and regulate these substances in the environment [12]. PHACs were originally designed to act on specific targets in human body, but, nevertheless, there are many published studies that indicate indirect effects on organisms for which the substances were not intended [13,14] such as Naproxen on Eisenia andrei [15] and Ketoprofen on Daphnia magna [16]. In Romania, an investigation was carried out on the Somes River where fifteen PHAC compounds including stimulants, antirheumatics, antiepileptics, analgesics, anticoagulants were detected in concentrations ranging from 30 ng/L -10μg/L [17].…”

The Reverberations of the Korean War in the Turkish Literature

“…sözlerini Türk askerinin Kore Savaşı'na girmesine bir cevap olarak öne süren Avni Dökmeci, "emperyalist Kuzey Kore'nin saldırısına uğrayan Güney Kore saflarında destanlar yaratan Türk'ün, kin tohumları serpemeyeceğini ve kin gütmediği için savaşkan olduğu kadar hatta daha fazla barışkan olduğunu" vurgular. 71 Zihni Hazinedaroğlu, "Kore şehitlerinin aziz hatırasına" ithafıyla başlayan yazısında "Kore Savaşı ile beraber esen hürriyet havasından dolayı insanları daha aydınlık, daha sevimli gördüğünü, umutlar, neşeler içinde olduğunu ve yeryüzünün en ışıklı, en manalı günlerini yaşadığını" belirtir. 72 Bu neşeli duyguları nedeniyle kendisini kınayıp çarpışanları, yaralıları, şehitleri düşünmediğini zannedenlere, "20. yüzyılda Kore Savaşı ile insanlığın saadeti için en büyük adımın atılması ve hür, mesut dünyanın kuruluşunun bu günle başlaması üzerinde durmak istediği" cevabını verir.…”

Updated knowledge, partitioning and ecological risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in global aquatic environments

“…14,15 Studies suggest that PPCP exposure, even at trace levels, may result in health risks for aquatic organisms; and PPCP mixtures can exert considerable toxicity due to synergistic interactions. 16 Besides, it is highlighted that the toxicity of compounds for individual exposure can lead to overestimation/ underestimation, and the effect of the mixture toxicity might be considerable. When mixtures are evaluated, the main interactive effects may be categorized as additive, synergistic and antagonistic, with additive and synergistic toxicity effects being considered as more signicant than the antagonistic.…”