Host Plant Strategies to Combat Against Viruses Effector Proteins

Abstract

: Viruses are obligate parasites that exist in an inactive state until they enter the host body. Upon entry, viruses become active and start replicating by using the host cell machinery. All plant viruses can augment their transmission, thus powering their detrimental effects on the host plant. To diminish infection and diseases caused by viruses, the plant has a defence mechanism known as pathogenesis-related biochemicals, which are metabolites and proteins. Proteins that ultimately prevent pathogenic diseases are called R proteins. Several plant R genes (that confirm resistance) and avirulence protein (Avr) (pathogen Avr gene-encoded proteins [effector/elicitor proteins involved in pathogenicity]) molecules have been identified. The recognition of such a factor results in the plant defence mechanism. During plant viral infection, the replication and expression of a viral molecule lead to a series of a hypersensitive response (HR) and affect the host plant’s immunity (pathogen-associated molecular pattern–triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity). Avr protein renders the host RNA silencing mechanism and its innate immunity, chiefly known as silencing suppressors towards the plant defensive machinery. This is a strong reply to the plant defensive machinery by harmful plant viruses. In this review, we describe the plant pathogen resistance protein and how these proteins regulate host immunity during plant–virus interactions. Furthermore, we have discussed regarding ribosome-inactivating proteins, ubiquitin proteasome system, translation repression (nuclear shuttle protein interacting kinase 1), DNA methylation, dominant resistance genes, and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, which are crucial in antiviral defences.

Phytovirus Vectors, Detection Techniques, and Future Directions

“…These were sourced from the metabolites and proteins of the host plants. The dominant resistance (R) genes (that confirm resistance) and corresponding avirulence protein (Avr) (pathogen Avr gene-encoded proteins [effector/elicitor proteins involved in pathogenicity]) are derived from plant proteins (Marwal and Gaur, 2020;De Ronde et al, 2014). A consistent feature of plant and phytovirus interactions requires specific molecular interactions, commonly via proteins (Dietzgen et al, 2016).…”

The Viral Capsid As Novel Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery

“…An inverse transcriptase enzyme is required to transition from RNA to DNA in roughly 3% of plant viruses. Some three-quarters of identified plant viruses are ssDNA, but a few have the double-stranded genome of DNA (dsDNA), such as the Caulimoviridae family [ 38 , 39 ]. By way of comparison, almost a quarter of animal viruses have such a dsDNA genome [ 40 ].…”

Insights in Plant-Microbe Interaction through Genomics Approach (Part III)

“…The third article by Marwal and Gaur describes specifically the plant-virus interactions and viral effector proteins [ 7 ]. Plant defense machinery is very difficult to understand as it behaves differently depending upon the type of pathogen attack.…”