“…Traditionally, these diseases have been attributed solely to pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. However, emerging research has revealed that the microbiome plays a crucial role in shaping host susceptibility to infections and influencing disease outcomes [4,5]. The microbiome interacts with pathogens directly or indirectly through various mechanisms, including competition for resources, production of antimicrobial substances, modulation of immune responses, and alteration in the local microenvironment [6].…”