Host factors and vaccine efficacy: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccines

Falahi, Shahab; Kenarkoohi, Azra

doi:10.1002/jmv.27485

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Key determinants of vaccine efficacy emerged following global COVID-19 vaccine rollout [ 4 ], including host factors (i.e. age, immunocompromised status), viral factors (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term quantitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogenicity (QUASI) after COVID-19 vaccination in older people living with HIV (PWH)

et al. 2022

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Background The durability of immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines among older people living with HIV (PWH) is clinically important. Methods We aimed to assess vaccine-induced humoral immunity and durability in older PWH (≥ 55 years, n = 26) over 6 months (post-initial BNT162b2 series). A secondary and exploratory objective was to assess T-cell response and BNT162b2 booster reactogenicity, respectively. Our Visit 1 (3 weeks post-initial BNT162b2 dose) SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity results are previously reported; these subjects were recruited for Visit 2 [2 weeks (+ 1 week window) post-second vaccination] and Visit 3 [6 months (± 2 week window) post-initial vaccination] in a single-center longitudinal observational study. Twelve participants had paired Visit 2/3 SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG data. At Visit 3, SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG testing occurred, and 5 subjects underwent T-cell immune response evaluation. Thereafter, subjects were offered BNT162b2 booster (concurrent day outside our study) per US FDA/CDC guidance; reactogenicity was assessed. The primary study outcome was presence of detectable Visit 3 SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike-1-RBD IgG levels. Secondary and exploratory outcomes were T-cell immune response and BNT162b2 booster reactogenicity, respectively. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests analyzed median SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG 6-month trends. Results At Visit 3, 26 subjects underwent primary analysis with demographics noted: Median age 61 years; male n = 16 (62%), female n = 10 (38%); Black n = 13 (50%), White n = 13 (50%). Most subjects (n = 20, 77%) had suppressed HIV viremia on antiretroviral therapy, majority (n = 24, 92%) with CD4 > 200 cells/µL. At Visit 3, 26/26 (100%) had detectable Anti-Spike-1-RBD (≥ 0.8 U/mL). Among 12 subjects presenting to Visit 2/3, median SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike 1-RBD was 2087 U/mL at Visit 2, falling to 581.5 U/mL at Visit 3 (p = 0.0923), with a median 3.305-fold decrease over 6 months. Among subjects (n = 5) with 6-month T-cell responses measured, all had detectable cytokine-secreting anti-spike CD4 responses; 3 had detectable CD4 + Activation induced marker (AIM) + cells. Two had detectable cytokine-secreting CD8 responses, but all had positive CD8 + AIM + cells. Conclusions Among older PWH, SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike IgG and virus-specific T-cell responses are present 6 months post-primary BNT162b2 vaccination, and although waning, suggest retention of some degree of long-term protective immunity.

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“…Key determinants of vaccine efficacy emerged following global COVID-19 vaccine rollout [ 4 ], including host factors (i.e. age, immunocompromised status), viral factors (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term quantitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogenicity (QUASI) after COVID-19 vaccination in older people living with HIV (PWH)

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The efficacy and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines might be influenced by several factors, such as the emergence of viral variants able to evade the immune response, the decline of antibody levels over time, and some other intrinsic host factors [11][12][13][14] . In order to maintain long-term protection and to counteract the reduced ability of available vaccines of neutralizing emerging VOCs, a third booster dose of mRNA vaccine is strongly recommended, since it has proved to confer significantly greater protection [14][15][16][17] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in patients and vaccinees following homologous and heterologous vaccinations

et al. 2022

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The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has rapidly replaced the Delta variant of concern. This new variant harbors worrisome mutations on the spike protein, which are able to escape the immunity elicited by vaccination and/or natural infection. To evaluate the impact and susceptibility of different serum samples to the Omicron variant BA.1, samples from COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals were tested for their ability to bind and neutralize the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Omicron variant BA.1. COVID-19 patients show the most drastic reduction in Omicron-specific antibody response in comparison with the response to the wild-type virus. Antibodies elicited by a triple homologous/heterologous vaccination regimen or following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection combined with a two-dose vaccine course, result in highest neutralization capacity against the Omicron variant BA.1. Overall, these findings confirm that vaccination of COVID-19 survivors and booster dose to vaccinees with mRNA vaccines is the correct strategy to enhance the antibody cross-protection against Omicron variant BA.1.

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“…Field data on health care workers 29 and NH residents 23 during the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant outbreak confirmed that such levels of RBD-IgG (1050 AU/mL and 993 AU/mL, respectively) correlate with COVID-19 protection. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Vaccine response is influenced by various host factors, which also result in a heterogeneous vaccine response such as age, immunosuppression and prior infection 7,35 . However, prevention strategies could nonetheless be improved by the identification of poor vaccine responders among residents at risk of severe forms of illness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody response after first and second BNT162b2 vaccination to predict the need for subsequent injections in nursing home residents

Tuaillon

Pisoni

Veyrenche

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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We explored antibody response after first and second BNT162b2 vaccinations, to predict the need for subsequent injections in nursing home (NH) residents. 369 NH residents were tested for IgG against SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD-IgG) and nucleoprotein-IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant and SARS-CoV-2 IgG Alinity assays, Abbott Diagnostics). In NH residents with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the first dose elicited high RBD-IgG levels (≥ 4160 AU/mL) in 99/129 cases (76.9%), with no additional antibody gain after the second dose in 74 cases (74.7%). However, a low RBD-IgG level (< 1050 AU/mL) was observed in 28 (21.7%) residents. The persistence of nucleoprotein-IgG and a longer interval between infection and the first dose were associated with a higher RBD-IgG response (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0013, respectively). RBD-IgG below 50 AU/mL after the first dose predicted failure to reach the antibody concentration associated with a neutralizing effect after the second dose (≥ 1050 AU/mL). The BNT162b2 vaccine elicited a strong humoral response after the first dose in a majority of NH residents with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, about one quarter of these residents require a second injection. Consideration should be given to immunological monitoring in NH residents to optimize the vaccine response in this vulnerable population.

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Host factors and vaccine efficacy: Implications for COVID‐19 vaccines

Cited by 62 publications

References 56 publications

Long-term quantitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogenicity (QUASI) after COVID-19 vaccination in older people living with HIV (PWH)

Long-term quantitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogenicity (QUASI) after COVID-19 vaccination in older people living with HIV (PWH)

Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in patients and vaccinees following homologous and heterologous vaccinations

Antibody response after first and second BNT162b2 vaccination to predict the need for subsequent injections in nursing home residents

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