Host-Associated Probiotics: A Key Factor in Sustainable Aquaculture

Abstract

The aquaculture industry has dramatically developed during the last two decades. However, this development has, in some cases, resulted in environmental degradation, emergence of diseases and low productivity. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, feed efficiency, and safe aquatic production for human consumption has stimulated development and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics used in aquaculture include genera of Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Carnobacterium, and yeast. However, most of these probiotics are derived from terrestrial sources and not from the environment in which the aquatic animals live or the host animal. The use of "host-associated probiotics" has recently gained attention, as they offer an alternative strategy within aquaculture, which per se is dependent on the use of terrestrial microorganisms. The benefits of host-associated probiotics include improved growth performance, feed value, enzymatic contribution to digestion, inhibit adherence and colonization of pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, increase hematological parameters, and immune response. The present review addressed insight into the application of host-associated probiotics within aquaculture, with special focus on their immunomodulatory and growth enhancing effects. Furthermore, the current review discusses research gaps and issues that merit further investigations.

Singular effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 on the growth, gut morphology, immunity, and stress resistance of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

“…natural alternatives that can safely replace antibiotics and exhibit beneficial roles in aquatic animals is urgently needed (Dawood et al, 2016a). Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, medicinal plants, immunostimulants, and many other feed additives have been applied and have resulted in healthy and productive aquatic organisms (Van Doan et al, 2019).…”

Host associated mixed probiotic bacteria induced digestive enzymes in the gut of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

“…The use of probiotic bacteria increasing rapidly and effectively inhibit the growth of pathogens by colonizing shrimp gut and the production of various bioactive compounds show positive effect on shrimp pathogens ( D'Arienzo et al, 2006 ). Also, probiotic bacteria incorporated into the feed critically enhance uptake of nutrients and enhance the growth in shrimp ( Irianto and Austin, 2002 , Van Doan et al, 2020 ). About 84% farmers mixed probiotic bacteria with the water to reduce environmental stress, whereas about 16% shrimp farmers preferred to mix probiotic organism with artificial pellet diet.…”

Multi-omics analysis to examine microbiota, host gene expression and metabolites in the intestine of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) with different growth performance

“…While the use of host-associated probiotics has drawn attentions as they improve effectiveness and sustainability of shellfish aquaculture ( Doan et al, 2020 ), it is vital to understand the relationship between host shrimp and their intestinal microbiota in order to select potential probiotic candidates for the industry ( Bentzon-Tilia, Sonnenschein & Gram, 2016 ; Stentiford et al, 2017 ). Recent advances in high-throughput omics-based technologies have provided crucial tools to further understand host-microbial interaction ( Wang et al, 2019 ).…”