Hospital Outbreak of Norwalk-Like Virus

Russo, Philip L.; Spelman, Denis; Harrington, Glenys; Jenney, Adam; Gunesekere, Ishara C; Wright, Peter J.; Doultree, Jennifer C.; Marshall, John A.

doi:10.1086/647676

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although the illness is usually mild and self-limiting, the virus is highly infectious, and a major cause of morbidity [Ri-ordan, 1991;Taterka et al, 1992]. On some occasions, infection may also be associated with mortality [Gellert et al, 1990;Russo et al, 1997;Ryan et al, 1997]. The SRSVs can be distinguished by electron microscopy from classical human caliciviruses (ClHuCVs) which have typical cup-shaped depressions on their surface [Cubitt et al, 1994].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in Southeastern Australia

et al. 1998

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A total of 6,226 fecal samples collected from 1980 to 1996 in the Australian states of Victoria, New South Wales, and Tasmania from individuals with gastroenteritis were tested for small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) and classical human caliciviruses (ClHuCVs) by electron microscopy. There were 223 samples positive for SRSVs, and nine positive for ClHuCVs. SRSVs were detected in individuals of all ages and were commonly associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in nursing homes and hospitals. SRSVs were detected throughout the year, but were more common in the period from late winter to early summer in Australia (August to December). There were peaks of virus activity in the early 1980s and more recently in 1995 and 1996. Analyses by RT-PCR and sequencing of a segment of ORF1 encoding the putative RNA polymerase for SRSVs and ClHuCVs showed the presence of viruses belonging to several genogroups. Viruses of genogroup 1 (Norwalk/Southampton-like) and genogroup 3 (ClHuCVs) were relatively rare. Viruses of genogroup 2 (Snow Mountain-like) were common, and could be divided into two subgroups, one containing Toronto/Mexico-like viruses, the other Lordsdale/Camberwell-like viruses. The majority of viruses detected belonged to this latter subgroup.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in Southeastern Australia

et al. 1998

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“…Although many hospital outbreaks of gastroenteritis have been described ( 12 – 14 ), information from systematic, population-based surveillance of gastroenteritis in healthcare settings is lacking ( 10 ). …”

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confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Cost of Nosocomial Gastroenteritis, Avon, England, 2002–2003

Lopman¹,

Reacher²,

Vipond³

et al. 2004

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

205

159

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“…In two studies, the reduced number of new cases of colonization and infection was attributed to all the measures used [30,32]. In two other studies, the authors were uncertain which measures contributed to the reduced number of new cases in one [35], while authors of the other did not report which measures contributed to the reduced number of new cases [29]. Kienitz and colleagues reported that new cases continued to be identified until the pediatric ward was closed; however, newly admitted patients became infected until commercial milk was found to be the source of the outbreak [24].…”

Section: Gastrointestinal System (Table 1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We identified 17 studies [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] on outbreaks involving C. difficile, norovirus, rotavirus, Salmonella panama, small round structured virus, or small round structured virus and small round featureless virus. The primary mode of transmission for all these pathogens is direct person-to-person contact and indirect contact with contaminated surfaces [20].…”

Section: Gastrointestinal System (Table 1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New admissions and transfers were stopped and transfers were limited in the studies by McCall and Smithson and by Stevenson and colleagues [31,32]. In addition to stopping new admissions, transfers were limited in two studies [33,34] and discharges were limited in one study [35]. In Hoffman and colleagues' study, only transfers were limited [36].…”

Section: Gastrointestinal System (Table 1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of ward closure to control outbreaks among hospitalized patients in acute care settings: a systematic review

Wong

Eso

et al. 2015

Syst Rev

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BackgroundThough often used to control outbreaks, the efficacy of ward closure is unclear. This systematic review sought to identify studies defining and describing ward closure in outbreak control and to determine impact of ward closure as an intervention on outbreak containment.MethodsWe searched these databases with no language restrictions: MEDLINE, 1946 to 7 July 2014; EMBASE, 1974 to 7 July 2014; CINAHL, 1937 to 8 July 2014; and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005 to May 2014. We also searched the following: IndMED; LILACS; reference lists from retrieved articles; conference proceedings; and websites of the CDCP, the ICID, and the WHO. We included studies of patients hospitalized in acute care facilities; used ward closure as a control measure; used other control measures; and discussed control of the outbreak(s) under investigation. A component approach was used to assess study quality.ResultsWe included 97 English and non-English observational studies. None included a controlled comparison between ward closure and other interventions. We found that ward closure was often used as part of a bundle of interventions but could not determine its direct impact separate from all the other interventions whether used in parallel or in sequence with other interventions. We also found no universal definition of ward closure which was widely accepted.ConclusionsWith no published controlled studies identified, ward closure for control of outbreaks remains an intervention that is not evidence based and healthcare personnel will need to continue to balance the competing risks associated with its use, taking into consideration the nature of the outbreak, the type of pathogen and its virulence, mode of transmission, and the setting in which it occurs. Our review has identified a major research gap in this area.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0131-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Hospital Outbreak of Norwalk-Like Virus

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in Southeastern Australia

Small round-structured (Norwalk-like) viruses and classical human caliciviruses in Southeastern Australia

Epidemiology and Cost of Nosocomial Gastroenteritis, Avon, England, 2002–2003

Use of ward closure to control outbreaks among hospitalized patients in acute care settings: a systematic review

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