Horned lark damage to pre-emerged canola seedlings

Abstract

a b s t r a c tWinter canola (Brassica napus L.) is considered the most promising domestically-produced oilseed feedstock for biodiesel production and for diversifying wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based cropping systems in the Inland Pacific Northwest, USA. Winter canola field experiments conducted in east-central Washington were completely destroyed, and commercial fields were damaged or destroyed, over several years by large flocks of horned larks (Eremophilia alperestis L.) that ate the cotyledon leaves of pre-emerged and newly-emerged seedlings. Numerous control methods were attempted in field experiments, including laying bird netting over the entire experiment, placement of a life-size predator decoy in a field experiment, loud propane-powered cannon blasts, and mixing garlic with canola seed before planting followed by spraying garlic water on the soil surface. None of the attempted control methods were successful. This is the first report in the literature of horned lark damage to pre-emerged and newly-emerged canola seedlings. We discuss questions relevant to our novel account as well as potential abatement using falcons and non-toxic chemical repellents for the protection of industrial canola crops associated with horned lark depredation.

Post-emergence seedling damage due to vertebrate pests and its impact on soybean establishment

“…In contrast, only little is known on the impact of birds and wild animals on the very early stage of field crops (i.e., seed germination, seedling emergence, and early development stages) that can jeoparadize the quality of field crop establishment. A few studies assessed seed and seedling damage that occurred before the crop establishment phase on corn ( Furlan et al., 2017 ; Khan, Javed & Zeeshan, 2015 ; Wise, 2018 ), wheat ( Kennedy & Connery, 2008 ; Khan, Javed & Zeeshan, 2015 ), oilseed rape ( Schillinger & Werner, 2016 ), speciality crops ( Werner et al., 2015 ), and soybean ( Firake, Behere & Chandra, 2016 ).…”

Peer Review #2 of "Post-emergence seedling damage due to vertebrate pests and its impact on soybean establishment (v0.1)"

“…seed germination, seedling emergence, and early development stages) that can jeoparadize the quality of field crop establishment. A few studies assessed seed and seedling damage that occurred before the crop establishment phase on corn (Furlan et al, 2017;Khan et al, 2015;Wise, 2018), wheat (Kennedy and Connery, 2008;Khan et al, 2015), oilseed rape (Schillinger and Werner, 2016), speciality crops (Werner et al, 2015), and soybean (Firake et al, 2016).…”

Peer Review #1 of "Post-emergence seedling damage due to vertebrate pests and its impact on soybean establishment (v0.1)"

“…seed germination, seedling emergence, and early development stages) that can jeoparadize the quality of field crop establishment. A few studies assessed seed and seedling damage that occurred before the crop establishment phase on corn (Furlan et al, 2017;Khan et al, 2015;Wise, 2018), wheat (Kennedy and Connery, 2008;Khan et al, 2015), oilseed rape (Schillinger and Werner, 2016), speciality crops (Werner et al, 2015), and soybean (Firake et al, 2016).…”