Hormone-Regulated Genes (pS2, PIP, FAS) in Breast Cancer and Nontumoral Mammary Tissue

Abstract

Expression of the hormone-regulated genes, pS2, prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS), was investigated by Northern blotting in primary breast carcinoma, metastatic breast cancer in axillary lymph nodes, in uninvolved breast tissue from mastectomies and in normal lymph nodes. There were considerable differences in expression of the genes between the tissues. The proportion of tissues containing PIP-mRNA decreased from uninvolved breast tissue to primary breast carcinoma to metastatic carcinoma. The reverse applied to FAS-mRNA which was found more often in metastatic cancer than in primary cancer, and least frequently in uninvolved breast tissue. Yet another pattern was observed for pS2 expression. The highest proportion of tissues demonstrating gene expression was found in primary breast cancer with both metastatic tumor and uninvolved breast tissue expressing the gene less frequently. pS2-mRNA and PIP-mRNA could only rarely be detected in trace amounts in normal lymph nodes. In contrast, FAS-mRNA was present in about one third of normal lymph nodes. Only pS2-mRNA showed an association with estrogen and progesterone receptor status.

Regulation of clustered gene expression by cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1) in breast cancer cells

“…The TIMP1 and TFF1 genes that were chosen for in-depth characterization are overexpressed in breast cancer, making them promising prognostic markers (Hahnel et al, 1994;Toi et al, 1998;Balleine and Clarke, 1999;Fata et al, 2004). In addition, expression of both genes may be regulated by the breast cancer tumor suppressor BRCA1.…”

Autodestructive Syndromes

“…In the literature, directly acted-out autodestructive behaviour is distinguished, both nosologically and terminologically, from the disorder complex ‘factitious disorders’ [2, 37, 38]. ‘Medical cases of unclear genesis’ are placed along a continuum of ‘factitious pathological behaviour’.…”

“…Direct autodestructive behaviour, which is initiated by a sense of tension and acted out to achieve a reduction in tension, and is therefore not to be grasped in the framework of a personality disorder, is also referred to in the literature as ‘overt self-harm’ [13, 25,][38]. Impulse control, affect regulation and dissociative disorders are described in the same context.…”

Novel FFPE proteomics method suggests prolactin induced protein as hormone induced cytoskeleton remodeling spatial biomarker

“…Therefore, the most spatially dysregulated PIP could be considered the most sensitive spatial protein biomarker for hormonally triggered cytoskeleton remodeling. PIP may prove particularly valuable for screening breast regions where biochemical processes (including cancer) were triggered by hormonal action 50 – 54 . Our functional study in KM plotter has proven that there might be a link between PIP and BC, as it has shown that high expression of PIP at protein level in BC patients ( N = 126) leads to significantly lower overall survival ( p = 0.054) compared to BC patients with low PIP expression within a timeline of 120 months post-diagnosis (Supplementary Fig.…”