Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Persistent Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage

Zanger, Philipp; Nurjadi, Dennis; Gaile, Marika; Gabrysch, Sabine; Kremsner, Peter G.

doi:10.1093/cid/cis778

Cited by 34 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…None of the surveyed factors demonstrated statistically significant association with staphylococcus skin carriage. These findings are in agreement with other studies that demonstrated that gender did not influence skin carriage of staphylococcus [19] [20] however, larger populationbased cross-sectional studies have reported higher risk of S. aureus nasal carriage among men as compared with women [21]. In literature, the association between gender as a fixed factor and staphylococcal carriage remains unclear.…”

Section: El-shenawy Et Alsupporting

confidence: 91%

Cross Sectional Study of Skin Carriage and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers

El‐Shenawy¹,

Tawfeek²,

El‐Hosseiny³

et al. 2014

OJMM

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The prevalence of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus was investigated among 200 participants working in three different food processing plants in Egypt. Using skin swabs, 75 (38%) of the 200 tested persons were positive for the presence of S. aureus. Of the S. aureus positive persons, 28 (14%) harboured S. aureus produced staphylococcal enterotoxins. The serotypes of these enterotoxins were enterotoxin A (68%), enterotoxin B (36%), enterotoxin C (46%) and enterotoxin D (18%). Some of these isolates produced more than one type of enterotoxins namely AB, AC, BC, BD, ABC and ACD. Analysis of risk factors implicated in skin carriage of S. aureus as age, gender, marital status, education, duration in employment, frequency and method of hand wash and incidence of chronic skin infection revealed insignificant association with staphylococcal skin carriage. The obtained results put forth the risk of food contracting contamination with enterotoxigenic strains of S. aureus owing to skin colonization of S. aureus among food handlers.

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Section: El-shenawy Et Alsupporting

confidence: 91%

Cross Sectional Study of Skin Carriage and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers

El‐Shenawy¹,

Tawfeek²,

El‐Hosseiny³

et al. 2014

OJMM

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“…Alternatively, gender may be a covariate to other significant epidemiological factors, such as personal hygiene habits; however, these data were not collected and analyzed in the current study. Colonization with S. aureus has been identified as an important risk factor for the development of S. aureus infections in both community and hospital settings (4,30). Evidence further suggests that colonization with MRSA or strains harboring virulence genes imposes a significantly greater risk for the development of subsequent infections than does colonization with MSSA (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Healthy Adolescents

et al. 2013

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bTo determine the long-term carriage patterns, strain relatedness, and incidence of subsequent infections among methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) carriers, we screened 154 high school students for nasal carriage of S. aureus on 8 occasions over 11 months. Persistent carriage was defined as a positive culture on >7 occasions. Two consecutive isolates from the same subject comprised a pair, and strain relatedness was determined for each pair by molecular typing.

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“…Data on prevalence in the general population of Germany - a country with a comparatively intermediate MRSA incidence in hospitals are limited. In addition, data are mostly assessed for selected population groups and epidemiological information associated with S. aureus carriage is rare [7], [8]. We therefore examined point prevalence and risk factors of S. aureus nasal carriage in a random sample of the non-hospitalized population of Braunschweig, Germany, and compared the findings with other prevalence assessments of nasal S. aureus carriage in the general population in Europe and other parts of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in a Random Sample of Non-Hospitalized Adult Population in Northern Germany

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveThe findings from truly randomized community-based studies on Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization are scarce. Therefore we have examined point prevalence and risk factors of S. aureus nasal carriage in a non-hospitalized population of Braunschweig, northern Germany.MethodsA total of 2026 potential participants were randomly selected through the resident's registration office and invited by mail. They were requested to collect a nasal swab at home and return it by mail. S. aureus was identified by culture and PCR. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors of S. aureus carriage.ResultsAmong the invitees, 405 individuals agreed to participate and 389 provided complete data which was included in the analysis. The median age of the participants was 49 years (IQR: 39–61) and 61% were females. S. aureus was isolated in 85 (21.9%; 95% CI: 18.0–26.2%) of the samples, five of which were MRSA (1.29%; 95% CI: 0.55–2.98%). In multiple logistic regression, male sex (OR = 3.50; 95% CI: 2.01–6.11) and presence of allergies (OR = 2.43; 95% CI: 1.39–4.24) were found to be associated with S. aureus nasal carriage. Fifty five different spa types were found, that clustered into nine distinct groups. MRSA belonged to the hospital-associated spa types t032 and t025 (corresponds to MLST CC 22), whereas MSSA spa types varied and mostly belonged to spa-CC 012 (corresponds to MLST CC 30), and spa-CC 084 (corresponds to MLST CC 15).ConclusionThis first point prevalence study of S. aureus in a non-hospitalized population of Germany revealed prevalence, consistent with other European countries and supports previous findings on male sex and allergies as risk factors of S. aureus carriage. The detection of hospital-associated MRSA spa types in the community indicates possible spread of these strains from hospitals into the community.

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Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Persistent Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage

Abstract: The widespread use of hormonal contraception may substantially increase the human S. aureus reservoir with potential impact on S. aureus infection and transmission.

Cited by 34 publications

References 50 publications

Cross Sectional Study of Skin Carriage and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers

Cross Sectional Study of Skin Carriage and Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus among Food Handlers

Longitudinal Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Healthy Adolescents

Methicillin-Sensitive and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in a Random Sample of Non-Hospitalized Adult Population in Northern Germany

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