Homopolyatomic Ions of the Post‐Transition Elements—Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding

Ternary aromatic and anti-aromatic clusters derived from the hypho species [Sn2Sb5]3−

“…According to Wade-Mingos and mno rules 18 – 20 , 38 , every naked Sn atom bearing a lone pair provides two electrons for cluster bonding (2 × 2), and each Sb atom owns three skeleton electrons (3 × 5), plus three negative charges, leading to a total of 22 skeleton electrons (2n + 8). The cluster contains one polyhedron (m = 1), seven atoms ( n = 7) and three missing vertices (o = 3), totally generating 11 orbitals available for cluster bonding.…”

“…Afterward, many more homo- and heteroatomic polyanions were discovered including [E 9 ] 4− (E = Si-Pb), [Pn 7 ] 3− (Pn = P-Bi) and [Tt 2 Pn 2 ] 2- (Tt = Ge-Pb) 2 – 11 , and a number of new clusters were produced using them as precursors 12 – 15 . In the majority of these clusters, the relationship between structure, bonding, and valence electron count can be understood in terms of either the Zintl-Klemm concept addressing electron-precise structures composed of formal two-center two-electron (2c-2e)bonds 16 , 17 or the Wade-Mingos rules 18 – 20 , which were originally applied to electron-deficient boranes with delocalized bonding, and later introduced into Zintl clusters. According to Wade-Mingos rules, [B 10 H 10 ] 2− is a classic closo -type polyhedron (Fig.…”

Bismuth-doped optical fibers: a challenging active medium for near-IR lasers and optical amplifiers

“…Bismuth is 'the wonder metal': with no other element do reduction reactions proceed so extensively and produce such a variety of products. 7 With increasing melting temperatures among Bi-doped glasses, the following change in the valence state of Bismuth takes place:…”

Introductory Chapter: Bismuth-Related Optoelectronic Materials

“…But it is such coupling, which allows the formation of broadband NIR emission center through the tailoring of the external environment by additional dopants such as Ge, P, Al, etc. Meanwhile, bismuth as the wonder metal, can proceed reduction reactions with no other element and produce such a variety of products [42]. Especially, under the high temperature, the change of the valent state of bismuth in Bi-doped glasses occurs [43]:…”