“…There is an intimate connection between HGA, the ochronotic process, SAA and amyloidosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in AKU 7e10, 39,42,62,63 , demonstrated also by structural co-localization of ochronotic pigment and SAA-amyloid 10 and co-localization of SAA with crucial cytoskeletal proteins in AKU chondrocytes 64 . Mechanisms of ochronosis and pigment toxicity in AKU are not fully clear, but possible factors include the co-presence of amyloidosis and angiogenesis in tissues 12,42,65 and the oxidative and inflammatory effects of HGA on tissues and cells 8,14,17,19,20,42,63 .…”