Homogenous Acidic and Basic Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Review

Shakorfow, Abdelmalik Milad; Mohamed, Abdulaziz. H.

doi:10.2478/acmy-2020-0013

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(117 reference statements)

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“…It is well known that the transesterification reaction occurs at slow reaction rates, and for biodiesel production to become sustainable, it is necessary to reduce reaction times and reaction temperatures, for which the use of catalysts is required [105,106]. The reduction of these two variables implies lower energy consumption and therefore lower environmental impacts [107] and costs.…”

Section: Catalysis In the Production Of Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of catalysis is the most extensively utilized at the industrial level, as homogeneous basic catalysts are low-cost and easy to access [106]. It is also due to their high reaction rates, which implies shorter reaction times, lower methanol:oil molar ratios than acid catalysis, and mild reaction temperatures.…”

Section: Homogeneous Basic Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of catalyst has been extensively investigated as it shows attractive catalytic activities under mild reaction conditions as well as easy recovery and the ability to be reused [106,186].…”

Section: Heterogeneous Basic Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: A Perspective on Catalytic Processes

et al. 2023

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Presently, the use of fossil fuels is not ecologically sustainable, which results in the need for new alternative energies such as biodiesel. This work presents a review of the classification of the lipidic feedstocks and the catalysts for biodiesel production. It also presents the pros and cons of the different processes and feedstocks through which biodiesel is obtained. In this context, cooking oil (WCO) has emerged as an alternative with a high potential for making the process sustainable. A detected limitation to achieving this is the high content of free fatty acids (FFA) and existing problems related to homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. To overcome this, the use of bifunctional catalysts is being evaluated by the scientific community. Thus, this work also explores the advances in the study of bifunctional catalysts, which are capable of simultaneously carrying out the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) and the triglycerides present in the WCO. For the sake of an improved understanding of biodiesel production, flow diagrams and the mechanisms implied by each type of process (enzymatic, homogenous, and heterogeneous) are provided. This article also highlights some of the challenges in catalyst development for sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade raw materials.

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Section: Catalysis In the Production Of Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Homogeneous Basic Catalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: A Perspective on Catalytic Processes

et al. 2023

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“…Chemically, biodiesel is a mixture of methyl and/or ethyl esters of fatty acids obtained by transesterification of triglycerides and has become one of the more popular biofuels ( Shahid et al, 2021 ). Biodiesel is synthetized by basic or acid catalysis ( Shakorfow and Mohamed, 2020 ), or enzymatically ( Ferreira and Tonetto, 2017 ); however, the simplest method is the classic basic catalysis. As a byproduct, glycerol is obtained in this reaction.…”

Section: The Biorefinery Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biorefineries: Achievements and challenges for a bio-based economy

Calvo‐Flores

Martín‐Martínez

2022

Front. Chem.

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Climate change, socioeconomical pressures, and new policy and legislation are driving a decarbonization process across industries, with a critical shift from a fossil-based economy toward a biomass-based one. This new paradigm implies not only a gradual phasing out of fossil fuels as a source of energy but also a move away from crude oil as a source of platform chemicals, polymers, drugs, solvents and many other critical materials, and consumer goods that are ubiquitous in our everyday life. If we are to achieve the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, crude oil must be substituted by renewable sources, and in this evolution, biorefineries arise as the critical alternative to traditional refineries for producing fuels, chemical building blocks, and materials out of non-edible biomass and biomass waste. State-of-the-art biorefineries already produce cost-competitive chemicals and materials, but other products remain challenging from the economic point of view, or their scaled-up production processes are still not sufficiently developed. In particular, lignin’s depolymerization is a required milestone for the success of integrated biorefineries, and better catalysts and processes must be improved to prepare bio-based aromatic simple molecules. This review summarizes current challenges in biorefinery systems, while it suggests possible directions and goals for sustainable development in the years to come.

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“…Moreover, the supercritical method must be carried out at high temperature and pressure so that the process costs are more expensive for tool maintenance [5]. Heterogeneous acid catalysts or solid acid catalysts can be used as a solution in making biodiesel from oil with high FFA content because of their reusability and regeneration, easy separation process, higher reaction rate and selectivity, low cost, less energy requirements, and environmentally friendly [6,7]. The use of a heterogeneous acid catalyst will not produce soap through the neutralization reaction of free fatty acids or saponification of triglycerides.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil Using Natural Zeolite Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts

Pulungan¹,

Kembaren²,

Nurfajriani³

et al. 2021

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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The conversion of biodiesel from rubber seed oil has been carried out using heterogeneous catalyst based on natural zeolite. The methods used include activated and calcined to produce active natural zeolite (ZAA). ZAA are embodied metal oxides of PbO, ZnO, and ZrO 2 through wet impregnation to produce bifunctional catalyst. The catalysts activity test was carried out in biodiesel synthesis at temperature 60ºC for 60 minutes with 5%(w/w) catalysts. Crystallinity of catalysts increased after the activation process and ZrO 2 loaded but decreased after PbO and ZnO loaded. The catalyst components after modification decreased Al levels due to dealumination process as well as reduced impurities. Spesific surface area of catalysts decreased after impregnation while total pore volume increased. Metal oxides loaded has an effect in increasing biodiesel conversion and reducing FFA content. The best performance was shown by ZrO 2 /ZAA catalysts with yield conversion of 58.10% and FFA conversion to methyl ester reaches 86.22%. The characteristics of water content, FFA content, and density of 0.092%, 1.081%, and 0.880 g/cm 3 , respectively. These data showed that biodiesel from rubber seed oil which was catalyzed by a bifunctional catalyst has the potential to be developed as an alternative source of future renewable and environmentally friendly fuels.

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Homogenous Acidic and Basic Catalysts in Biodiesel Synthesis: A Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 104 publications

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: A Perspective on Catalytic Processes

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: A Perspective on Catalytic Processes

Biorefineries: Achievements and challenges for a bio-based economy

Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil Using Natural Zeolite Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts

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