Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil Using Natural Zeolite Supported Metal Oxide Catalysts

Abstract

The conversion of biodiesel from rubber seed oil has been carried out using heterogeneous catalyst based on natural zeolite. The methods used include activated and calcined to produce active natural zeolite (ZAA). ZAA are embodied metal oxides of PbO, ZnO, and ZrO 2 through wet impregnation to produce bifunctional catalyst. The catalysts activity test was carried out in biodiesel synthesis at temperature 60ºC for 60 minutes with 5%(w/w) catalysts. Crystallinity of catalysts increased after the activation process and ZrO 2 loaded but decreased after PbO and ZnO loaded. The catalyst components after modification decreased Al levels due to dealumination process as well as reduced impurities. Spesific surface area of catalysts decreased after impregnation while total pore volume increased. Metal oxides loaded has an effect in increasing biodiesel conversion and reducing FFA content. The best performance was shown by ZrO 2 /ZAA catalysts with yield conversion of 58.10% and FFA conversion to methyl ester reaches 86.22%. The characteristics of water content, FFA content, and density of 0.092%, 1.081%, and 0.880 g/cm 3 , respectively. These data showed that biodiesel from rubber seed oil which was catalyzed by a bifunctional catalyst has the potential to be developed as an alternative source of future renewable and environmentally friendly fuels.

Unveiling ZrO2/natural zeolite catalytic performance on hydrocracking palm oil mill effluent residue

“…This resulted in an open and cleaner surface and pores. The surface area of ZrO2/SNZ in this study was higher than that obtained in the previous study by Pulungan et al (2021) of 27.57 m2/g. This value is also relatively higher than the surface area of natural zeolite which is loaded with metal oxides Fe2O3, ZnO, and CuO of 12.9, 50.3, and 30.7 m2/g respectively (Sihombing et al 2023).…”

“…The preparation of ZrO2-loaded natural zeolite (ZrO2/SNZ) in this study was conducted following the procedure outlined by Pulungan et al (2021), using the wet impregnation method followed by oxidation. ZrCl4 was dissolved in double distilled water (DDW) and added to a predetermined amount of acid-activated natural zeolite (SNZ).…”

Hydrocracking Rubber Seeds Oil for Biofuel Production Using Bifunctional Sarulla‐Derived Natural Zeolite–Ni and Ni–Mo/SNZ Catalyst

“…[ 19 ] Despite this, the intactness of the crystalline system remains, as corroborated by analogous peak patterns in the diffractogram. [ 20 ] A conspicuous crystallinity reduction was observed for bifunctional Ni/SNZ‐A and NiMo/SNZ‐A catalysts. The synergy of metal impregnation, calcination, and oxidation possibly fosters the emergence of new pore structures in the zeolite, attributed to the evacuation of intrinsically entrapped crystal water.…”

Review and Outlook on Regulation of Catalyst Activity, Selectivity, and Stability for Biomass Hydrodeoxygenation Reaction in an Aqueous Environment

“…It was found in the study of Cocatalyzed hydrodeoxidation of biomass that monometallic catalysts tend to generate a higher proportion of liquid phase, coke, and gas, whereas bimetallic catalysts have the propensity to yield a greater amount of organic phase. Pulungan et al 74 catalyzed the HDO of bio-oil from coconut husk waste using activated Sarulla natural zeolite (ZAS) with a combination of cobalt metal and cobalt−molybdenum metal as a carrier. Based on the catalytic characterization data and bio-oil analysis, Co/ ZAS catalysts with smaller surface area, pore volume, and pore size showed superior product selectivity in water fraction products.…”