Homogeneous pseudoamorphous metal phosphide clusters for ultra stable hydrogen generation by water electrolysis at industrial current density

Non-precious metal-based catalysts for water electrolysis to produce H2 under industrial conditions

“…21,38,39 Despite extensive laboratory efforts to understand the underlying catalytic mechanism and the two half-reactions, there is a lack of attention to larger-scale application research for the necessary high-efficiency energy conversion. Catalysts for industrial water electrolysis must specifically meet the following prerequisites: (1) current density must exceed 500 mA cm À2 to reach the industrial current density; 40,41 (2) catalysts must expose a broad active surface with high activity; 42,43 (3) catalysts must operate stably for thousands of hours under high current density at high temperatures (Z40 1C); [44][45][46] (4) a strong adhesion between the conductive substances and the catalysts is necessary to avoid the loss of active materials; [47][48][49] and (5) a super hydrophilic surface is necessary to ensure a strong contact between the catalysts and the electrolyte and benefit bubble releasing capacity. 21,50 In general, one of the keys to large-scale water-splitting applications is the development of electrocatalysts with high activity, outstanding stability, and super hydrophilicity.…”

On the nature of Con±/0 clusters reacting with water and oxygen

“…On the other hand, the low-cost and high-efficiency hydrogen production by water dissociation via electrolysis and photocatalysis is a long-term research topic [11][12][13][14] , for which cobalt nanocatalysts have attracted extensive interest, although cobalt usually does not react with water at ambient conditions [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . Catalytic O-H dissociation and HAT is vital to water dehydrogenation and O-O bond formation [22][23][24] ; however, catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation often exhibits limited activity and poor selectivity, despite decades of research efforts in this field.…”