Dual-signal electrochemical immunosensor based on the water electrolysis signals of (NiFeCo)2P@Au/CeO2 nanocomposites: Application for prostate-specific antigen detection

Electrochemical protein biosensors for disease marker detection: progress and opportunities

“…Due to the prevalence, high recurrence rate, and potentially fatal nature of cancer, early detection and monitoring of cancer markers is very important for improving oncology patient outcomes 8 . Cancer biomarkers such as CEA 56 , AFP 45 , carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) 40 , prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 57 , carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) 58 , the extracellular domain of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2-ECD) 59 , cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) 60 and other proteins have been used for the detection, early screening, or prognosis assessment of many cancers, such as colorectal cancer, hepatocellular cancer (HCC), ovarian cancer, prostate cancer (PCa), gastric cancer, breast cancer, and non-small-cell lung cancer. Several electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection are described below.…”

“…PCa is a malignant tumor that poses a serious threat to men’s health. In 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that PCa ranked second in male cancer incidence and fifth in mortality 57 . PSA is the most effective biomarker for detecting prostate cancer 57 , 69 .…”

“…In 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that PCa ranked second in male cancer incidence and fifth in mortality 57 . PSA is the most effective biomarker for detecting prostate cancer 57 , 69 . The serum PSA concentration in healthy men is generally less than 4 ng mL −1 , and a serum PSA concentration greater than 4 ng mL −1 is associated with a risk of cancer 57 , 70 .…”

“…PSA is the most effective biomarker for detecting prostate cancer 57 , 69 . The serum PSA concentration in healthy men is generally less than 4 ng mL −1 , and a serum PSA concentration greater than 4 ng mL −1 is associated with a risk of cancer 57 , 70 . Therefore, PSA detection at the ng mL −1 level is necessary.…”