Homogeneous‐heterogeneous chemical action and non‐Fourier flux theory effects in a flow with carbon nanotubes

Abstract

A theoretical outline is sketched to figure out the stream of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based CNTs along a moving surface with multiple slip effects on homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. The nonlinear radiant, heat, and nonuniform heat source/sink is incorporated in the energy equation to discuss the heat transport phenomenon. The novel theory of non-Fourier flux model of heat diffusion is also merged in the energy equation. Two kinds of nanoparticles are considered, namely, single wall carbon nanotubes and multiple wall carbon nanotubes, and are suspended in the working PVA to illustrate the flow behavior. Due to a large variety of applications, PVA is used in papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. The principal structure of mathematical model is based upon the system of differential equations, which has been tackled through Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method in MATLAB software. Graphical images are made vs different physical parameters which emerged in the model. The heat transfer of the fluid enhances with the increase of nonuniform thermal radiation. The homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions slow down the concentration rate. K E Y W O R D S C-CHFM, CNTs, homogeneous/heterogeneous, nonlinear radiation, nonuniform heat source/sink 1 | INTRODUCTIONIn physical systems, transportation of thermal energy is accredited by heat transfer, which has abundant utilization in fields like engineering, and in modern processes of industries, contemporary industrial process that absorb heat transmission in tissues, effectiveness of fuel cell, knowledge in food manufacturing, removing heat from electronic devices, targeting of tumors, and several others. Bicentenary before the most excellent model in heat conduction was proposed by Fourier, 1 which became a benchmark to examine the heat transfer facets in different conditions. But it has a pessimistic phase, that is, a parabolic equation in thermal field is created, which was cited as "Paradox of heat conduction" in literature. To overcome this, in 1948, Cattaneo 2 remodeled this by sticking the term thermal relaxation time with the movement of heat by the proliferation of hot waves with a firm velocity. Soon after, Christov 3 further reshaped the Cattaneo model by restoring the ordinary derivative with Oldroyd's upper-convected derivatives in order to attain the material-invariant formulation. This recovered replica is eminent as Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model (C-CHFM). The outcomes of C-CHFM for flow problems, which are not compressible, are depicted by Tibulle and Zampoli. 4 Bala Anki Reddy and Suneetha 5 contemplated the cause of C-CHF over a stretching surface in the Casson fluid flow. In recent times, many researchers 6-11 reported on various C-CHF models.Nanotechnology plays startling applications in various domains of engineering. Nanofluid is one of the important sectors of nanotechnology. Choi 12 introduced the idea of nanofluid by dropping solid nano-sized particles in a host fluid: ethylene glycol, oil, water, and so on. Hayat et al 13...

Hybrid nanofluids development and benefits: A comprehensive review

“…The applications of nanofluids are found in various fields like electronics [4,5], solar energy [6][7][8], nuclear reactors [9][10][11], pool boiling [12,13], automotive industry [14][15][16], medical [17][18][19], food industry [20,21], machining processes [22][23][24][25], and in heating and cooling of buildings [26,27]. In comparison to single nanoparticle fluids and traditional fluids, the nanofluids demonstrated improved thermal characteristics [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. So, this field looks emerging for future studies.…”