“…Biosensors are diagnostic tools developed in response to challenges with conventional methods that have some vital gaps and shortages to use in point-of-care settings. 97 Depending on the utilized transducing strategy, various biosensors have been developed over the past decades, including fluorescence, 98,99 chemiluminescence, 100,101 ECL, 102,103 plasmonic, 104,105 scattering, 106,107 and EC assays. 108,109 All these biosensor formats are classified into four major classes regarding the bioreceptor agents and biomarker molecules: (i) immunosensors;…”