“…The chemical reduction of piperine under various conditions has been reported (da Silva, Mota, Bieber & Navarro, 2006;Gallagher, Shimmon & McDonagh, 2012;Pedersen et al, 2009). Either of the two carbon-carbon double bonds has been generally suggested to undergo hydrogenation in methanol (or ethanol) with a catalyst or mediator (Gallagher et al, 2012), although reduction leading to a , unsaturated amide was also claimed (da Silva et al, 2006;Pedersen et al, 2009). For the electrochemical reduction as discussed above, a possible mechanism explaining the difference between the micro-and macro-electrode voltammetry is shown in Figure 1(E), Section 3.1.1.…”