Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol under mild conditions

Abstract

This review summarizes the concepts, mechanisms, drawbacks and challenges of the state-of-the-art catalysis for CO2 to MeOH under mild conditions. Thoughtful guidelines and principles for future research are presented and discussed.

Sustainable Approaches to Selective Conversion of Cellulose Into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Promoted by Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts: A Review

“…Catalysis is an effective strategy for producing refining industrial chemicals from biomass feedstock, which is able to lower the active energy of the reaction system and improve reaction conditions, as well as promote conversion and selectivity ( Lange, 2021 ; Witzel et al, 2021 ). Catalysts acting as initiators of catalysis can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous coordinators ( Bai et al, 2021 ; Taipabu et al, 2021 ). In the conversion of cellulose into 5-HMF, although homogeneous acid catalysts such as enzymes, mineral salts or acids, and supercritical water can overcome the resistance to degradation of cellulose for preparation of high-value chemicals, serious drawbacks for product separation, corrosion hazard, waste fluids, and severe reacting conditions are emerged obviously ( Güell et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2021a ; Chai et al, 2021 ).…”

Evaluation of Au/ZrO2 Catalysts Prepared via Postsynthesis Methods in CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol

“…[6][7][8]. Among all of the CO 2 conversion routes, most studies in recent years have been focused on CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol [9]. Methanol has several important applications, including usage in the plastic industry and as a solvent in many important organic reactions [1,10].…”

“…Mechanistic studies in the presence of Au-based catalysts were conducted using different techniques, such as in situ DRIFTS (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy) and near-ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), as well as DFT analyses; it was reported that the CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol reaction occurs through the formation of surface intermediates, namely formate and methoxy species [9,[39][40][41][42]. The formation of a formate intermediate occurs rapidly over reducible supports [41], but further hydrogenation steps depend on the above-stated factors, such as the size of active metal ensembles and their acidic/basic properties.…”

Hydrogenation of CO2 or CO2 Derivatives to Methanol under Molecular Catalysis: A Review

“…Practical methods of CO 2 hydrogenation to methanol were usually based on heterogeneous catalysis, and these reactions were traditionally carried out at high temperatures (200-300 • C) [16][17][18][19][20]. Studies showing homogeneous catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation under relatively mild conditions (<150 • C) are of great significance, and considerable efforts have been made in the last decade to achieve this [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”