Holographic imaging of surface atoms using surface X-ray diffraction

Takahashi, Toshio; Sumitani, Kazushi; Kusano, Shuji

doi:10.1016/s0039-6028(01)01186-4

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The real structure factors are therefore close to those calculated for a model containing only the substrate atoms and the gold atoms. The positions of the other atoms can then be determined by difference Fourier synthesis, 20 a holographic method, 27 or iterative phase recovery methods. Application of each of the three methods leads to similar surface models.…”

Section: B Model Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of the quasi-one-dimensional Si(553)-Au surface: Gold dimer row and silicon honeycomb chain

et al. 2010

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The Si͑553͒-Au surface consists of a periodic array of single steps and ͑111͒ terraces with a quasi-onedimensional electronic structure. In this paper, the determination of the atomic structure of this surface with x-ray diffraction is reported. The gold coverage of the surface was measured to be 0.5 monolayer using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, i.e., two gold atoms per primitive unit cell. A structural model was constructed directly from the x-ray diffraction intensities with a step-by-step approach. First, the relative positions of the gold atoms were obtained from the Patterson map. Using the positions of the gold atoms, the deconvolution of the Patterson map was calculated and the positions of the gold atoms relative to the substrate were determined. Finally, the positions of the silicon atoms at the surface were obtained from a reconstruction of the electron density with an iterative phase and amplitude recovery algorithm. The main features of the structural model obtained in this way are a row of gold dimers on the ͑111͒ terraces in the topmost layer of the surface, and a honeycomb chain of silicon atoms near the step edge. Structural refinement of this model with the experimental diffraction data gave reasonable atomic positions and a 2 value of 3.35, better than previous models. The model is related to the ϫ2 m1 model recently proposed by Krawiec ͓Phys. Rev. B 81, 115436 ͑2010͔͒ but without the strong ϫ2 modulation.

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Section: B Model Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of the quasi-one-dimensional Si(553)-Au surface: Gold dimer row and silicon honeycomb chain

et al. 2010

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“…The phase problem in SXD or two-dimensional (2D) crystals has been one of the interesting subjects in recent years 3,4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] However, there is no report that a phase of scattering amplitude of a surface layer at a point on a reciprocal rod is uniquely retrieved only from experimental data. In the present study, we use a new phase retrieval method proposed in a previous paper, 21) and uniquely retrieve phases of scattering amplitude of a surface layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Phase Retrieval Method for Noncrystalline Layers on Crystal Surfaces

Yashiro

Sumitani

Yoda

et al. 2003

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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A phase retrieval method for noncrystalline surface layers that involves intensity modulation of the specular reflection under the excitation of a Bragg reflection was applied to a Si(001) single crystal covered with a native oxide layer of a few nanometers thickness. The phases and moduli of the amplitudes of the scatterings from the native oxide layer were uniquely retrieved at three points on the specular truncation rod. The phases and moduli obtained experimentally were consistently explained by a model of a Si(001) single crystal covered with a uniform oxide layer with a rough surface.

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“…However, all the Si-Si interatomic vectors overlap with Au-Au or Au-Si interatomic vectors, and thus, the arrangement of the reconstructed Si can not be uniquely determined from the map. To image out the Si atoms directly from the experimental data, we applied a holographic method [34] to the 2D imaging. The basic idea of this method is that the measured diffraction wave is regarded as the interference between the reference wave from a known structure with a major scattering contribution and the object wave from the unknown one with a minor contribution.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of the Structure Model of theSi(111)−(5×2)−AuSurface

et al. 2014

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The atomic structure of the Si(111)-(5 × 2)-Au surface, a periodic gold chain on the silicon surface, has been a long-debated issue in surface science. The recent three candidates, the so-called Erwin-Barke-Himpsel (EBH) model [S. C. Erwin, I. Barke, and F. J. Himpsel, Phys. Rev. B 80, 155409 (2009)], the Abukawa-Nishigaya (AN) model [T. Abukawa and Y. Nishigaya, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 036102 (2013)], and the Kwon-Kang (KK) model [S. G. Kwon and M. H. Kang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 086101 (2014)] that has one additional Au atom than the EBH model are tested by surface x-ray diffraction data. A two-dimensional Patterson map constructed from the in-plane diffraction intensities rejects the AN model and prefers the KK model over the EBH model. On the basis of the arrangement of Au obtained from the Patterson map, all the reconstructed Si atoms, such as the so-called honeycomb chain structure, are directly imaged out by utilizing a holographic method. The KK model reproduces out-of-plane diffraction data as well.

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Holographic imaging of surface atoms using surface X-ray diffraction

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Structure of the quasi-one-dimensional Si(553)-Au surface: Gold dimer row and silicon honeycomb chain

Structure of the quasi-one-dimensional Si(553)-Au surface: Gold dimer row and silicon honeycomb chain

A Phase Retrieval Method for Noncrystalline Layers on Crystal Surfaces

Identification of the Structure Model of theSi(111)−(5×2)−AuSurface

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