Holocene liquefaction and soft-sediment deformation in Quito (Ecuador): A paleoseismic history recorded in lacustrine sediments

Hibsch, Christian; Alvarado, Alexandra; Yépes, Hugo; Pérez, Víctor Hugo; Sébrier, Michel

doi:10.1016/s0264-3707(97)00010-0

Cited by 61 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although the type and extent of deformation during seismic shocks depend on numerous factors like sediment type, geometry of the lake basin and amplification of shaking due to site effects, deformation of lake sediments becomes common and widespread only if the lakes are situated within or close to the isoseismal line of intensity VII (Fig. 17, Sims 1973 and1975;Hibsch et al 1997). Furthermore, a minimum earthquake size of Mw = 5 to Mw = 5.5 is required as a certain duration and amplitude of shaking is necessary to deform the lake sediments and to pro-358 K. Monecke et al Figure 15B for location of the profile.…”

Section: Historic Earthquakes and Calibration Of Earthquake-induced Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthquake-induced deformations in lake sediments comprise large-scale mass movements as well as small-scale in-situ deformation structures. Paleoseismic studies have been successfully carried out in outcrops of lacustrine sediments (for example Sims 1973 and1975;Marco et al 1996;Ringrose 1989;Rodriguez-Pascua et al 2000;Hibsch et al 1997). In modern lakes, investigations are based on high-resolution seismic data (Shilts & Clague 1992;Chapron et al 1999) and more rarely on sediment cores (Doig 1986;Becker et al 2002, Migowski et al 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Earthquake-induced deformation structures in lake deposits: A Late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoseismic record for Central Switzerland

Monecke

Anselmetti

Becker³

et al. 2006

Eclogae geol. Helv.

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Paleoseismic record in lake deposits in Central Switzerland 343 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den bis zu 15,000 Jahre alten Sedimenten von vier Seen in der Zentralschweiz wurden Spuren von drei starken historischen und mindestens sieben prähistorischen Erdbeben gefunden. Der Schweizer Erdbebenkatalog der letzten 1000 Jahre verzeichnet in der Zentralschweiz drei grössere Erdbeben mit Magnituden zwischen Mw=5.7 und Mw = 6.2 (1964 AD Alpnach, 1774 AD Altdorf, 1601 AD Unterwalden) sowie ein katastrophales Mw = 6.9 Ereignis in Basel im Jahre 1356 AD. Zur Bestimmung der Wiederkehrraten dieser starken Erdbeben wurden mit Hilfe von hochauflösender Seismik und Sedimentkernanalysen paläoseismische Untersuchungen in vier verschiedenen Seen in der Zentralschweiz durchgeführt (Lungerer See, Baldegger See, Seelisberg Seeli und Vierwaldstätter See). In Abhängigkeit von der Geometrie des Seebeckens, des Sedimenttyps und der lokalen Bodenerschütterung treten wäh-rend eines Erdbebens grosse subaquatische Rutschungen oder kleine in-situ Deformationsstrukturen auf. Die Spuren der historischen Erdbeben zeigen, dass Seesedimente nur ab einer Magnitude von Mw>5.7 und bei einer lokalen Bodenerschütterung der Intensität >VII deformiert werden. Mindestens sechs prähistorische Erdbeben in der Zentralschweiz (Epizentrum und Magnitude ähnlich wie beim Mw=6.2 Unterwalden Erdbeben), sowie ein starkes prähisto-risches Erdbeben in der Baselregion (Magnitude ähnlich wie beim Mw = 6.9 Basel Erdbeben) konnten anhand der Art und regionalen Verteilung der Deformationsstrukturen bestimmt werden. Darüber hinaus gibt es Hinweise auf ein weiteres Ereignis in der Nähe von Basel und vier weitere Ereignisse in der Zentralschweiz. Im Vergleich zum Mittleren Holozän scheint die Erdbebenhäufigkeit in der Zentralschweiz erhöht während des Spätpleistozäns/Frühho-lozäns und während der letzten 4000 Jahre. Dies kann einerseits auf isostatische Ausgleichsbewegungen nach dem Abschmelzen des Eises vor 15,000 Jahren, sowie auf eine periodische Aktivierung einer alpinen seismogenen Zone in jüngerer Zeit zurückgeführt werden. ABSTRACTTraces of three larger historic and at least seven prehistoric earthquakes during the last 15,000 years were found in the sedimentary record of four lakes in Central Switzerland. The Swiss historic earthquake catalogue of approximately the last 1000 years reports three larger earthquakes in Central Switzerland with moment magnitudes varying between Mw = 5.7 and Mw = 6.2 (1964 AD Alpnach, 1774 AD Altdorf, 1601 AD Unterwalden) and the nearby catastrophic Mw = 6.9 event close to Basel in 1356 AD. In order to determine the recurrence intervals of such events and thus, the seismic hazard and risk, paleoseismic investigations were carried out in four different lakes of Central Switzerland (Lungerer See, Baldegger See, Seelisberg Seeli, Vierwaldstätter See) using high-resolution seismic data and sediment core analyses. Depending on lake basin geometry, sediment type and local ground shaking earthquake-induced deformation structures comprise large-scale mass...

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Section: Historic Earthquakes and Calibration Of Earthquake-induced Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earthquake-induced deformation structures in lake deposits: A Late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoseismic record for Central Switzerland

Monecke

Anselmetti

Becker³

et al. 2006

Eclogae geol. Helv.

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“…The origin of similar structures in lacustrine deposits has been attributed to an elastic-plastic response of sediment to shear-stress caused by the back and forth movement of water [15,44]. The ball-and-pillow structures ( Figure 5) is a type of load structure, and may form as a consequence of loading of a denser sand layer over a less dense clayey silt layer during earthquake induced liquefaction, so that fine sands would fall into the clayey silt layer in a pillow or globular shape [45].…”

Section: Interpretation Of Deformation Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SSD can be induced by many natural processes, including gravity acting, overloading, unequal loading, wave-induced cyclical or impulsive stresses, shear by aqueous or other currents, storms, sudden changes in groundwater level, or earthquakes [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. SSD features are known from a wide variety of depositional environments, both terrestrial: fluvial, aelolian or volcanic [9][10][11], or marine: shore, turbiditic, subglacial [12][13][14], but they are particularly well-reported from lacustrine depositional environments [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The relative abundance of seismites in lacustrine successions is explained by Sims [15] in terms of: (1) the presence of water-saturated sediments; (2) the presence of sediments with high susceptibility to liquefaction; (3) the absence of hydrodynamic and sedimentary processes able to obliterate the products of seismically-induced deformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origins of Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures from the Batang Paleodammed Lakes in the Upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau

Teng¹,

Chen²,

Cui³

et al. 2017

J Geol Geophys

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Multiple levels of preserved soft-sediment deformation structures occur in sediments deposited in the paleodammed lakes in the Batang-Zhongza reaches of the upper Jinsha River Valley, southeast Tibetan Plateau. These deformation structures include folded layers, convoluted layers, ball-and-pillow structures, recumbent lamination, waterescape structures, and small-scale landslide. Combining the assessments of depositional facies, potential triggers, paleoenvironmental context, we conclude that the probable trigger agents of this deformation were earthquakes, slides, and debris flows. The seismically-induced soft-sediment deformation structures provide new substantial evidence for the existence of active tectonics and paleo-earthquakes in the Batang area since the Holocene.

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“…At a certain depth from the water-sediment interface, where sediments are compacted enough, brittle deformation can be observed in terms of microfaults (e.g., Seilacher, 1969;Monecke et al, 2004;Beck, 2009). On the other hand, in less-consolidated sediments, which are closer to the watersediment interface, cyclic loading may result in ductile deformations like microfolds (Monecke et al, 2004), loadcasts (Sims, 1973;Hibsch et al, 1997;Moretti and Sabato, 2007), pseudonodules (Sims, 1973;Migowski et al, 2004;Monecke et al, 2004) and liquefaction/fluidization/fluid-escape structures (Lignier et al, 1998;Chapron et al, 2004;Moernaut et al, 2007;Beck, 2009). In order to assign a seismic triggering mechanism to in-situ soft sediment deformations, researchers often seek for coeval occurrence of deformations at different locations in the lake basin (e.g., Becker et al, 2005;Monecke et al, 2004;Kagan et al, 2011) and temporal correlation of these deformations with known historical earthquakes (Fanetti et al, 2008;Beck, 2009).…”

Section: Earthquake Sedimentary Records In Lacustrine Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismically-triggered organic-rich layers in recent sediments from Göllüköy Lake (North Anatolian Fault, Turkey)

Avşar

Hubert‐Ferrari

Batist

et al. 2014

Quaternary Science Reviews

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Multi-proxy analyses on the sedimentary sequence of Göllüköy Lake, which is located on the eastern North Anatolian Fault (NAF), reveals a complete and high-resolution paleoseismic record for the last 650 years. Six sedimentary events are detected in a 3.1 m-long piston core. They form distinct organic-rich intercalations within the background sedimentation, which are characterized by strong anomalies on the loss-on-ignition (LOI) and total organic carbon (TOC) profiles, as well as by lighter colours on the X-ray radiographic images. Itrax micro-XRF core scanner data are also used to contribute to the detection and characterization of the event deposits. After the detection of the sedimentary events, their temporal correlation with the earthquakes in the historical seismicity catalogue of the NAF is tested. The youngest event is dated to 1940s by using 210 Pb and 137 Cs profiles in sediment, which coincides with the 1939 earthquake (M s = 7.7) on the NAF. The ages of the older five events are determined based on radiocarbon dating and regional time-stratigraphic correlation. Radiocarbon dating on the bulk sediment samples does not provide reliable results due to hard-water effect. On the other hand, dating on charcoals, Ephippia of Daphnia and phragmite remains significantly improves the results and implies a mean sedimentation rate of 0.28 cm/yr. Based on this preliminary sedimentation rate, we show that organic matter content variations through our record correlates with the varve-based δ 18 O record of Nar Lake, which is located 350 km southwest of Göllüköy Lake. Accordingly, high-precipitation/low-evaporation climatic episodes detected in Nar Lake are represented by higher organic matter content in Göllüköy sediments. Fine-tuning the Göllüköy LOI record to the Nar δ 18 O record reveals that the ages of the sedimentary events in Göllüköy match with well-known historical earthquakes that occurred around the lake. Finally, the origin of the organic-rich intercalations is discussed based on macroscopic observations and organic geochemistry. The events are attributed to reworked organic matter eroded from the lake's littoral zone by seismically-induced water oscillations (seiche), and their subsequent deposition at the middle parts of the lake. These seismically-induced events are atypical compared to the classic earthquake-triggered sedimentary processes in lacustrine environments, which are shortly reviewed in order to emphasize the unusual Göllüköy Lake record.

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Holocene liquefaction and soft-sediment deformation in Quito (Ecuador): A paleoseismic history recorded in lacustrine sediments

Cited by 61 publications

References 10 publications

Earthquake-induced deformation structures in lake deposits: A Late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoseismic record for Central Switzerland

Earthquake-induced deformation structures in lake deposits: A Late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoseismic record for Central Switzerland

Origins of Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures from the Batang Paleodammed Lakes in the Upper Jinsha River, SE Tibetan Plateau

Seismically-triggered organic-rich layers in recent sediments from Göllüköy Lake (North Anatolian Fault, Turkey)

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