Holo- and hemimetabolism of aquatic insects: Implications for a differential cross-ecosystem flux of metals

Use of Riparian Spiders as Sentinels of Persistent and Bioavailable Chemical Contaminants in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

“…The retention or bioaccumulation of Hg, PCBs, and Se in the tissues of riparian spiders has been demonstrated repeatedly (Table 1). The algal toxin microcystin (Moy et al, 2016), organic contaminants including per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), along with several pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds (Koch et al, 2020; Previšić et al, 2021; Richmond et al, 2018), and some metals including Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb have been less well studied but have been found to be retained in the tissues of riparian spiders (Beaubien et al, 2020; Cetinić et al, 2021; Du Laing et al, 2002; Hendrickx et al, 2004; Kim & Kim, 2016; Kraus et al, 2021; Maelfait & Hendrickx, 1998; Otter et al, 2013; Ramirez et al, 2011; Schipper et al, 2008; Tojal et al, 2002; Torres & Johnson, 2001; Zhang et al, 2009). This suggests that riparian spiders may be suitable sentinels for these contaminants as well (but see Cetinić et al, 2021; Kim & Kim, 2016; Kraus et al, 2021; Torres & Johnson, 2001).…”

“…The algal toxin microcystin (Moy et al, 2016), organic contaminants including per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), along with several pharmaceuticals and endocrine‐disrupting compounds (Koch et al, 2020; Previšić et al, 2021; Richmond et al, 2018), and some metals including Cd, Cu, Cr, Zn, and Pb have been less well studied but have been found to be retained in the tissues of riparian spiders (Beaubien et al, 2020; Cetinić et al, 2021; Du Laing et al, 2002; Hendrickx et al, 2004; Kim & Kim, 2016; Kraus et al, 2021; Maelfait & Hendrickx, 1998; Otter et al, 2013; Ramirez et al, 2011; Schipper et al, 2008; Tojal et al, 2002; Torres & Johnson, 2001; Zhang et al, 2009). This suggests that riparian spiders may be suitable sentinels for these contaminants as well (but see Cetinić et al, 2021; Kim & Kim, 2016; Kraus et al, 2021; Torres & Johnson, 2001). In contrast, other metals, including Ag, Al, As, Ba, Co, Cs, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, and tributyltin (Cetinić et al, 2021; Hepp et al, 2017; Kraus et al, 2021; Laws et al, 2016; Otter et al, 2013; Torres & Johnson, 2001) and radionuclides of Cs and Ur (Anderson et al, 1973; Bergmann & Graça, 2020) are not retained in the tissues of riparian spiders or are found at concentrations lower than concentrations in their prey items, which may limit the utility of riparian spiders as sentinels of these chemicals.…”

“…This suggests that riparian spiders may be suitable sentinels for these contaminants as well (but see Cetinić et al, 2021; Kim & Kim, 2016; Kraus et al, 2021; Torres & Johnson, 2001). In contrast, other metals, including Ag, Al, As, Ba, Co, Cs, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sr, Ti, V, and tributyltin (Cetinić et al, 2021; Hepp et al, 2017; Kraus et al, 2021; Laws et al, 2016; Otter et al, 2013; Torres & Johnson, 2001) and radionuclides of Cs and Ur (Anderson et al, 1973; Bergmann & Graça, 2020) are not retained in the tissues of riparian spiders or are found at concentrations lower than concentrations in their prey items, which may limit the utility of riparian spiders as sentinels of these chemicals.…”

“…Factors in column 1 are defined and reviewed in the text and in Supporting Information, Table S3. 1, Anderson et al, 1973; 2, Maelfait and Hendrickx, 1998; 3, Torres and Johnson, 2001; 4, Du Laing et al, 2002; 5, Tojal et al, 2002; 6, Hendrickx et al, 2004; 7, Cristol et al, 2008; 8, Schipper et al, 2008; 9, Walters et al, 2008; 10, Zhang et al, 2009; 11, Walters et al, 2010; 12, Zhang et al, 2010; 13, Raikow et al, 2011; 14, Ramirez et al, 2011; 15, Wyman et al, 2011; 16, Edmonds et al, 2012; 17, Tsui et al, 2012; 18, Otter et al, 2013; 19, Tweedy et al, 2013; 20, Wang et al, 2013; 21, Marr et al, 2014; 22, Speir et al, 2014; 23, Bartrons et al, 2015; 24, Gann et al, 2015; 25, Kwon et al, 2015; 26, Ortiz Jr. et al, 2015; 27, Pennuto and Smith, 2015; 28, Alberts and Sullivan, 2016; 29, Chaves‐Ulloa et al, 2016; 30, Kim and Kim, 2016; 31, Laws et al, 2016; 32, Moy et al, 2016; 33, Sullivan et al, 2016; 34, Abeysinghe et al, 2017; 35, Hepp et al, 2017; 36, Kraus et al, 2017; 37, Tavshunsky et al, 2017; 38, Archer et al, 2018; 39, Howie et al, 2018; 40, Richmond et al, 2018; 41, Walters et al, 2018; 42, Beaubien et al, 2019; 43, Ortega‐Rodriguez et al, 2019; 44, Qiu et al, 2019; 45, Rodenhouse et al, 2019; 46, Beaubien et al, 2020; 47, Bergmann and Graça, 2020; 48, Gerson et al, 2020; 49, Koch et al, 2020; 50, Naslund et al, 2020; 51, Cetinić et al 2021; 52, Hannappel et al, 2021; 53, Kraus et al, 2021; 54, Ku et al, 2021; 55, Previšić et al, 2021.…”

Edible Aquatic Insects: Diversities, Nutrition, and Safety

“…Meanwhile, the mercury content in carnivorous insects was generally higher than that in herbivorous insects, and the mercury content in aquatic insects was much higher than that in terrestrial insects ( t -test, p < 0.01), with the investigation of 42 insect species from Yunnan, China [ 58 ]. Many studies [ 121 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 ] have indicated that the larvae of aquatic insects accumulate metals in aquatic ecological environments and retain them until the adult stage. After being preyed on by bats, spiders, birds, fish, and so on, they become the connector of the aquatic and terrestrial food chains, and, thus, bring metal elements into the terrestrial food chain.…”