Holistic perspective of the role of gut microbes in diabetes mellitus and its management

Abstract

The gut microbiota (GM) plays a role in the development and progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Gut dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of DM. The GM has been shown to influence the efficacy of different antidiabetic medications. Intake of gut biotics, like prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, can improve the glucose control as well as the metabolic profile associated with DM. There is some preliminary evidence that it might even help with the cardiovascular, ophthalmic, nervous, and renal complications of DM and even contribute to the prevention of DM. More large-scale research studies are needed before wide spread use of gut biotics in clinical practice as an adjuvant therapy to the current management of DM.

The Synbiotic Combination of Akkermansia muciniphila and Quercetin Ameliorates Early Obesity and NAFLD through Gut Microbiota Reshaping and Bile Acid Metabolism Modulation

“…According to the multiple-hit hypothesis [ 4 ], the pathogenesis of NAFLD is explained by the simultaneous action of many factors, including oxidative stress, insulin resistance or lipid metabolism alteration. In the last few years, gut microbiota has been identified as a key factor not only in NAFLD development, but also in obesity and type II diabetes [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Gut microbiota, behavior, and nutrition after type 1 diabetes diagnosis: A longitudinal study for supporting data in the metabolic control

“…During T1D metabolic control, the Ruminococcaceae family was enriched in patients with HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol ( 51 ). Moreover, a significantly higher relative abundance of Ruminococcus in T1D with respect to the healthy children with a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium , and Lachnospira can be observed ( 52 ).…”

The Activity of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Hepatogastrointestinal Disorders and Diseases Associated with Metabolic Syndrome

“…ther-mophilus, Bifidobacterium, and other species of Lactobacillus are beneficial in type 1 diabetes because they reduce blood glucose levels via gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), NF-κB, inhibit IL-1β, prevent TNF-α upregulation, and stimulate IL-10, thereby preserving the functioning of β-cells and reducing serum α-amylase action, and favoring glycemic index mechanisms by restricting carbohydrate absorption and hydrolysis [96]. Some authors report that animal studies with mice, combining probiotics and/or prebiotics with antidiabetic medications showed an improvement in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity; for example, Bacteroides fragilis, Akkermansia muciniphila, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lacticaseibacillus casei induce IL-10, which has been shown to improve both insulin resistance and glucose metabolism [97]. Oral probiotic administration to type 1 diabetic mice stimulates the production of IL-10.…”