Hole interactions of aerogen oxides with Lewis bases: an insight into σ-hole and lone-pair-hole interactions

Abstract

σ-Hole and lone-pair (lp)-hole interactions of aerogen oxides with Lewis bases (LB) were comparatively inspected in terms of quantum mechanics calculations. The ZO n ⋯ LB complexes (where Z = Kr and Xe, n = 1, 2, 3 and 4, and LB = NH 3 and NCH) showed favourable negative interaction energies. The complexation features were explained in light of σ-hole and lp-hole interactions within optimum distances lower than the sum of the respective van der Waals radii. The emerging findings outlined that σ-hole interaction energies generally enhanced according to the following order: KrO 4 ⋯ < KrO⋯ < KrO 3 ⋯ < KrO 2 ⋯LB and XeO 4 ⋯ < XeO⋯ < XeO 2 ⋯ < XeO 3 ⋯LB complexes with values ranging from –2.23 to –12.84 kcal mol −1 . Lp-hole interactions with values up to –5.91 kcal mol −1 were shown. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory findings revealed the significant contributions of electrostatic forces accounting for 50–65% of the total attractive forces within most of the ZO n ⋯LB complexes. The obtained observations would be useful for the understanding of hole interactions, particularly for the aerogen oxides, with application in supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering.