HMX Combustion Modification

Flanagan, Jason; Frankel, Milton B.; Woolery, D.O.

doi:10.21236/ada145071

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Reykjavik dolerite BIR-1 (Flanagan 1984). Olivine-normative dolerite reference material DNC-1 (Ragland et al 1968, Flanagan 1984. Olivine-normative dolerite reference material DNC-1 (Ragland et al 1968, Flanagan 1984.…”

Section: Reference Materials and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Olivine-normative dolerite reference material DNC-1 (Ragland et al 1968, Flanagan 1984. Diabase W-2, which consists of augite and plagioclase with smaller amounts of quartz, potassium feldspar, biotite and opaque minerals (Flanagan 1984). Diabase W-2, which consists of augite and plagioclase with smaller amounts of quartz, potassium feldspar, biotite and opaque minerals (Flanagan 1984).…”

Section: Reference Materials and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Platinum‐Group Element and Rhenium Concentrations in Low Abundance Reference Materials

Meisel

Moser

2004

Geostandard Geoanalytic Res

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One or two gram aliquots of twelve reference materials with low platinum‐group element (PGE) abundances (Ir concentrations ranging from 30 to 510 pg g‐1) were analysed by isotope dilution ICP‐MS using an on‐line chromatographic matrix separation after acid digestion in a high pressure asher (HPA‐S) to determine the concentrations of Ru, Pd, Re, Ir and Pt. Osmium concentrations were determined via ID‐ICP‐MS but as volatile OsO4, whereas Rh concentrations were calculated by comparing the peak areas of the chromatographic peak with that of a standard solution. Validation of the method was performed and the concepts of traceability and measurement uncertainty were applied to assure comparability. The reference materials BCR‐2, BHVO‐1, BHVO‐2, BIR‐1, DNC‐1, EN026 10D‐3, MAG‐1, RGM‐1, SCo‐1, SDO‐1, TDB‐1 and W‐2 were investigated to test for their usefulness for certification. The use of TDB‐1 is highly recommended because it is homogeneous at the two gram level and many values based on several different analytical procedures have been published. It is recommended that our efforts should focus on the certification of this reference material to reduce the uncertainties of its currently certified values (Pd and Pt only) and to assign certified values to the other PGE and Re. It is necessary to have at least one well‐characterised RM for validation of methods applied to the analysis of PGE and Re in low abundance samples, although the matrix of TDB‐1 might not completely match those of many samples.

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Section: Reference Materials and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reference Materials and Analytical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum‐Group Element and Rhenium Concentrations in Low Abundance Reference Materials

Meisel

Moser

2004

Geostandard Geoanalytic Res

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“…0.07 i 0.02 (5) -_ _ 0.08 (1) 0.07 i 0.04 (6) 0.17 (2) 0.23 i 0.10 (3) 0.58 i 0.06 (12) 0.63 i 0.10 ( (2) 0.33 0.07 (7) 0.43 0.06 (5) 0.83 i 0.08 (3) 0.83 i 0.08 (3) 1.01 i 0.07 (12) 1.01 i 0.07 (12) --- 6.2 (1)…”

Section: Bir-1unclassified

“…(1) 330 i 50 (7) 100 (2) 148 i 9 (20) 190 (1) 18 i 3 (19) 2.01 i 0.10 (18) 66 i 5 (22) 41 f 7 (15) ___ 2.5 i 0.6 ( 5 ) 1.10 i 0.08 (22) 205 i 39 (7) 7.51 i 0.16 (38) 20 i 3 (10) 3.6 i 0.5 (10) 1.04 (1) 2.56 i 0.14 (14) 7. 9 11) 760 i 90 (6) 5200 i 210 ( 0.09 (38) 7.9 i 1.4 (14) 14 i 5 (15) …”

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1987 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS BIR‐1, DNC‐1 and W‐2

Gladney

Roelandts

1988

Geostandards Newsletter

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Elemental concentration data on up to 73 individual constituents in BIR‐1, DNC‐1, and W‐2 have been collected from 94 journal articles and technical reports. These data are summarized in consensus (mean) values with uncertainties expressed as one standard deviation. Mean values are also calculated as a function of analytical procedure and all raw data are given in the tables. Ce rapport rassemble des données analytiques sur 73 éléments dans trois échantillons, BIR‐1, DNC‐1 et W‐2, publiées dans 94 articles scientifiques ou rapports techniques. Quand cela a été possible, les valeurs de consensus (moyenne) sont présentées pour chaque élément avec l'incertitude exprimée un écart‐type. Des valeurs moyennes en fonction des procédures analytiques sont également présentées.

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Mechanism of Catalytic Effects on AMMO/HMX Composite Propellants Combustion Rates

Oyumi

Mitarai²,

Anan³

1993

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Mechanismus der katalytischen Wirkung auf die Abbrandgeschwindigkeit von AMMO/HMX-Komposittreibstoffen Die thermische Zersetzung und die Abbrandeigenschaften von AMMO/HMX-Treibstoffen wurden untersucht. Die bei der AMMO-Zersetzung frei werdende Wärme initiierte und besch leunigte die thermische Zersetzung von HMX, d ie Reaktion zwischen den Zersetzungsprodukten von AMMO und HMX war abhängig von der Aufheizgeschwindigkeit. Der geschwind igkeitsbestimmende Schritt für den Reaktionsverlauf war versch ieden je nach höherer oder niedriger Aufheizgeschwindigkeit. Zusatz von 2,2-Bis(ethylferroceny1)propan (CFe) und Kupferchromit (CuC) veränderte den Mechanismus der thermischen Zersetzung und die Abbrandeigenschaften sichtbar. CFe zeigte e ine Zunahme der Abbrandgeschwindigkeit mit leichtem Anstieg des Druckexponenten, dagegen lieferte CuC höhere Werte für den Druckexponenten. Die Kombination beider Zusätze erbrachte die höchste Abbrandgeschwindigkeit mit dem niedrigsten Druckexponenten. Der Einfluß des CuC auf den Druckexponenten verschwand bei Kombination mit CFe. Obwohl CFe und der kombinierte Zusatz die Zündfähigkeit der Treibstoffe verbesserte, war es schwierig, den Treibstoff bei Zusatz von CuC zu zünden aufgrund des geringen Wärmerückflusses und/oder der geringen frei werdenden Wärme bei der Zersetzung. SummaryThermal decomposition and the burning properties of AMMO/HMX propellants have been investigated. The heat generated by the AMMO decomposition initiated and accelerated the thermal decompos ition of HMX, and the reaction between decomposed AMMO and HMX depended upon the heating rate. The rate determining step of the reaction path was different in higher and lower heating rate conditions. 2,2-bis(ethy lferrocenyl)propane (CFe) and copper chromite (CuC) significantly altered the mechanisms of the thermal decomposition and the burning properties. CFe showed an increase in burning rate with a slight increase in burning rate exponent. However, CuC yie lded high values for the burning rate exponent. The combined additive yielded the highest burning rate with the lowest burning rate exponent. The influence of CuC on the burn ing rate exponent disappeared by the combination with CFe. Though CFe and the combination additive improved the ignitability of the propeJlants, the propellant with CuC was difficult to ignite because of the relatively small quantity of heat feedback and/or heat released by the decomposition .

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HMX Combustion Modification

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

Platinum‐Group Element and Rhenium Concentrations in Low Abundance Reference Materials

Platinum‐Group Element and Rhenium Concentrations in Low Abundance Reference Materials

1987 Compilation of Elemental Concentration Data for USGS BIR‐1, DNC‐1 and W‐2

Mechanism of Catalytic Effects on AMMO/HMX Composite Propellants Combustion Rates

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