HIV or human papillomavirus co‐infection among Brazilian individuals infected with hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C

Abstract

A high prevalence of co-infection with HIV and HPV was detected among Brazilian individuals with HBV and/or HCV.

Hepatitis B virus infection status and infertility causes in couples seeking fertility treatment—Indicator of impaired immune response?

“…In this study, the overall incidence of tubal factor was 64.4%, and in couples concordant for HBV infection, the incidence of tubal factor rose to 77.8%, which was more than twice the highest figure of 36.5% in the literature . As individuals with HBV infection are prone to have co‐infection with other organisms, our observation could be related to the presence of overlooked or asymptomatic infections that could result in tubal damage, such as infection with Neisseria gonorrhea, bacterial vaginosis, and chlamydia trachomatis . Thus, HBV infection status probably acts as surrogate for such infections because HBV itself is non‐cytopathic and the female genital tract is not known to be a target organ of HBV infection.…”

“…It was also recommended that the female partner should be vaccinated and IVF treatment deferred until she develops immunity, if the male partner is infected . Nevertheless, chronic HBV infection is also known to associate with other co‐infections, from the human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus which are screened routinely in infertile couples, to human papillomavirus and tuberculosis which are not. Thus HBV carrier status could have predisposed the individual to other infections which may or may not be symptomatic, but which would ultimately contribute to infertility.…”

Coinfections with additional oncoviruses in HPV+ individuals: Status, function and potential clinical implications

“…Another prospective study was conducted that enrolled 103 individuals from Brazil, among them, 48 participants tested positive for HBV and 55 tested positive for HCV; 2 had dual infection with HBV and HCV. 13 Moreover, coinfection with HPV was detected among 20 participants, indicating that a high prevalence of coinfection with HPV was detected among Brazilian individuals with HBV and/or HCV. One interesting study evaluated the effects of HBV or HCV infection on the risk of cervical cancer, which enrolled 838 cervical cancer cases and 838 benign disease controls.…”

Co-Infection of Hepatitis B and Human Papilloma Viruses in Two Nigerian States

“…The DiaSpot rapid diagnostic test with manufacturerreported diagnostic specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of > 99.0%, 97.0%, and 98.5%, respectively, was used for the detection of the hepatitis B antigen in patients' sera. The test was performed as described by Bomfim-Hyppolito et al (13).…”

“…Although the co-infection of hepatitis B and HPV has previously been reported in the Ceara region of Brazil (13), there seems to be very scanty information on the prevalence of co-infection in the African region.…”