HIV, malaria parasites, and acute febrile episodes in Ugandan adults: a case–control study

Francesconi, Paolo; Fabiani, Massimo; Dente, Maria Grazia; Lukwiya, Matthew; Okwey, Ronald; Ouma, Jacob; Ochakachon, Robert; Cian, Franca; Declich, Silvia

doi:10.1097/00002030-200112070-00013

Cited by 65 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…An epidemic arises when people living uphill are being infected by malaria parasites through locally bred mosquitoes or mosquito dispersal; because they lack functional immunity, they are very vulnerable to malaria infection and often develop symptomatic or even severe malaria. Human mortality is increased when drug resistance, inadequate administration of drugs, failure to seek treatment or delayed treatment of malaria patients, and HIV infections in the human population become increasingly prevalent (9,15,22,49,50).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands

Zhou

Minakawa

Githeko

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

411

367

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The causes of the recent reemergence of Plasmodium falciparum epidemic malaria in the East African highlands are controversial. Regional climate changes have been invoked as a major factor; however, assessing the impact of climate in malaria resurgence is difficult due to high spatial and temporal climate variability and the lack of long-term data series on malaria cases from different sites. Climate variability, defined as short-term fluctuations around the mean climate state, may be epidemiologically more relevant than mean temperature change, but its effects on malaria epidemics have not been rigorously examined. Here we used nonlinear mixed-regression model to investigate the association between autoregression (number of malaria outpatients during the previous time period), seasonality and climate variability, and the number of monthly malaria outpatients of the past 10–20 years in seven highland sites in East Africa. The model explained 65–81% of the variance in the number of monthly malaria outpatients. Nonlinear and synergistic effects of temperature and rainfall on the number of malaria outpatients were found in all seven sites. The net variance in the number of monthly malaria outpatients caused by autoregression and seasonality varied among sites and ranged from 18 to 63% (mean = 38.6%), whereas 12–63% (mean = 36.1%) of variance is attributed to climate variability. Our results suggest that there was a high spatial variation in the sensitivity of malaria outpatient number to climate fluctuations in the highlands, and that climate variability played an important role in initiating malaria epidemics in the East African highlands

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands

Zhou

Minakawa

Githeko

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

411

367

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Areas of malaria and HIV endemicity share a wide geographic overlap, putting millions of people at risk of co-infection and consequently at risk for more severe clinical disease [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] . The two diseases negatively interact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The two diseases negatively interact. In HIV-infected individuals, higher HIV viral loads and temporary decreases in CD4 + T-cell counts can be seen during a malaria infection, while malaria parasite burdens and risk of clinical and severe malaria are higher in co-infected individuals 2,3,5,7,8,10 . The mechanisms by which HIV increases malaria severity are not fully understood and warrant further investigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An <em>In Vitro</em> Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Finney

Serghides

2015

JoVE

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Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood.We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility.All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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“…Higher HIV-1 blood viral burden was recorded in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria (Hoffman et al, 1999). An association between HIV-1 infection and clinical malaria has been reported from Africa (Hoffman et al, 1999;Francesconi et al, 2001;Ter Kuile et al, 2004). P. falciparum infection modulates HIV-1 pathogenesis by activating lymphocytes and stimulating viral replication through production of cytokines (Xiao et al, 1998).…”

Section: De Nombreux Facteurs Environnementaux Technologiques Et Socmentioning

confidence: 92%

Co-infection by Semliki forest virus and malarial parasite modulates viral multiplication, pathogenesis and cytokines in mice

et al. 2006

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Summary :Environmental, technological and societal factors continue to have a dramatic effect on infectious diseases worldwide and are considered to be facilitating the emergence of several infectious diseases at a time. Co-infection with different species of viral and malaria infections are currently emerging problems of dual infection in the developing as well as developed countries. Understanding of interactions between the host, malaria and virus infection is of current concern and we have initiated studies to delineate the mechanisms involved during the progression of Semliki forest virus (SFV) and Plasmodium yoelii (P. yoelii) infection in mice. Enhanced virus multiplication and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA level in P. yoelii and SFV co-infected mice were observed on day 4 post-infection compared to respective controls. Collectively, our observations indicate that malaria infection may influence virus multiplication, pathogenesis and up-regulation of cytokine mRNA during co-infection in mice.

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HIV, malaria parasites, and acute febrile episodes in Ugandan adults: a case–control study

Abstract: Despite the limited statistical power, the results of our study show an association between HIV infection and clinical malaria; if confirmed, this finding could be important for public health in sub-Saharan Africa.

Cited by 65 publications

References 18 publications

Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands

Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the East African highlands

An <em>In Vitro</em> Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Co-infection by Semliki forest virus and malarial parasite modulates viral multiplication, pathogenesis and cytokines in mice

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