HIV Infection Is Associated with a Loss of Ciliated Cells and an Increase of Secretory Cells Throughout the Airways

Recent advances in human respiratory epithelium models for drug discovery

“…The loss of the ciliated cell phenotype is a central pathology associated with asthma, HIV infection (Strulovici-Barel et al, 2019), pathologic genetic mutation (Fassad et al, 2018), influenza virus (Wu et al, 2016), and a number of other chronic respiratory diseases. Exposure of human airway cells derived from diseased and healthy lung explant tissue to exogenous transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has been shown to recapitulate the reduced mucociliary differentiation and subsequent reduced number of ciliated cells in COPD airways (Gohy et al, 2019).…”

“…Ultimately, a well-funded, multidisciplinary and perseverant approach to novel model development will serve to realise the ability to accurately mimic microscale human respiratory functions. (Fliegauf et al, 2007)), and ~400 microvilli per cell (Beule, 2010) Motile mucus clearance to pharynx to be swallowed or coughed (Bustamante-Marin and Ostrowski, 2017), extracellular fluid flow mechanosensation (Fliegauf et al, 2007) Acetylated αtubulin (Schamberger et al, 2015;Xiaojun et al, 2016), DNAI1 (Zuo et al, 2018), CBE1 (Yoshisue et al, 2004), FoxJ1 (Brekman et al, 2014b(Brekman et al, , 2014aGomperts et al, 2004;Rapiteanu et al, 2020;Thomas et al, 2010) TGF-β1 (Gohy et al, 2019) Notch (Rock et al, 2011), Il-6 signalling (Tadokoro et al, 2014b), STAT3 pathway (Johnson et al, 2018), STK11/MARK3/ER K1/2 (Chu et al, 2019), Hedgehog/Wnt (Anvarian et al, 2019;Pala et al, 2017) Asthma (Jevnikar et al, 2019;Vieira Braga et al, 2019a), HIV infection (Strulovici- Barel et al, 2019), genetic mutation (Fassad et al, 2018), influenza virus (Wu et al, 2016), squamous metaplasia and goblet cell hyperplasia associated COPD (Gohy et al, 2019), SARS-CoV entry, replication and release (Sims et al, 2008), PCD (Leigh et al, 2019), Kartagner's syndrome (Yaghi and Dolovich, 2016b), epithelial hypoplasia…”