HIV and malaria interactions: where do we stand?

González, Raquel; Ataíde, Ricardo; Naniche, Denise; Menéndez, Clara; Mayor, Alfredo

doi:10.1586/eri.11.167

Cited by 68 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…No significant behavior of the HIV-1 viral loads was observed, because the patient was treated with HAART and the viral load remained undetectable. Although previous reports show evidence that tropical diseases can accelerate HIV/AIDS disease progression, 4,[28][29][30] our results showed that HIV-1 viral load levels apparently remained normal during the follow-up. Similarly, no side effects attributable to HBV infection were observed.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Dengue Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Positive Patient Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Western Mexico

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and dengue coinfection has not been extensively studied. We report herein a case of dengue serotype 1 infection in an HIV-1-positive patient coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Colima State, Mexico. CD4 + cells and HIV-1 viremia remained at normal levels, and no severe complications were observed during this multiple viral infection. The alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values were elevated before and during dengue infection. Surprisingly, these parameters were significantly reduced 2 months later. Because of the lack of evidence regarding this multiple viral interaction, further research is required to understand the biologic and clinical course of dengue infection in HIV-1/HBV coinfected patients, especially in tropical regions where dengue virus transmission is highly active.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 94%

Dengue Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Positive Patient Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus in Western Mexico

et al. 2016

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“…Coinfection with soil-transmitted helminths may alter susceptibility to clinical malaria by activating T H 2 cytokines and immunoregulatory pathways that downregulate effector functions involved in resistance to malaria [60]. HIV can also impair lymphocyte functions against malaria infection [61]. Similarly, malnutrition can lead to atrophy of the thymus, leucopenia, and diminished functional T cells that hamper protective immunity to malaria [62].…”

Section: Comorbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria Parasites in the Asymptomatic: Looking for the Hay in the Haystack

Galatas

Bassat

Mayor

2016

Trends in Parasitology

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108

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With malaria elimination back on the international agenda, programs face the challenge of targeting all Plasmodium infections, not only symptomatic cases. As asymptomatic individuals are unlikely to seek treatment, they are missed by passive surveillance while remaining infectious to mosquitoes, thus acting as silent reservoirs of transmission. To estimate the risk of asymptomatic infections in various phases of malaria elimination, we need a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms favoring carriage over disease, which may involve both pathogen and host factors. Here we review our current knowledge on the determinants leading to Plasmodium falciparum symptomless infections. Understanding the host-pathogen interactions that are most likely to affect transitions between malaria disease states could guide the development of tools to tackle asymptomatic carriers in elimination settings. Being AsymptomaticPeaceful coexistence with the infected host, rarely causing clinical symptoms, is a common but poorly understood phenomenon that occurs for many human pathogens [1]. Because such asymptomatic cases of infection occur without eventual overt symptoms, they do not come to clinical attention, thus representing a large hidden reservoir of active infection that permits their persistence and eventual spread to other human hosts. This is the case for many malaria infections in semi-immune individuals from endemic areas, which commonly cause a mild febrile illness or no apparent symptoms at all, while keeping parasite numbers at low densities [2] (Box 1).Carriage of asymptomatic malaria (see Glossary) infections, being at the same time difficult to detect and to manage, has considerable implications for the design and use of malaria elimination strategies. Symptomless infections that persist during the dry season in areas of seasonal transmission have been suggested to seed the malaria outbreaks after annual rains when mosquitoes reappear [3]. Similarly, asymptomatic parasitemia may potentially contribute to persistence of transmission in low-transmission settings [4]. However, the precise contribution of asymptomatic malaria to transmission in areas that have achieved substantial reductions in the malaria burden remains a matter of debate [5], as is the assumption that detecting and targeting these individuals for radical treatment, as opposed to using mass drug administration approaches, would be an efficient and effective tactic. Moreover, eradication in Europe, North America, and other parts of the world using no better diagnostics than microscopy [6] suggest that key determinants of success might not be finding the last parasite. From a practical point of view, the proportion of asymptomatic infections in certain situations and phases of malaria elimination may impose the need for modifications of detection methods (active versus passive case detection) [7] if, for example, symptom-based surveillance at health facilities is insufficient and mass blood surveys are necessary to inform the design of elimination i...

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“…4 Because of the increased susceptibility to malaria during pregnancy, 5 the consequences of a reduction in malaria immunity among pregnant women could be particularly severe, especially in the context of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemics in Africa, 6 which can impair the maintenance of effective immune responses. 7 However, declining malaria transmission among pregnant women [8][9][10] may have an effect on malaria-related clinical outcomes that has not yet been assessed.…”

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confidence: 99%