History, Definition, and Status of V2G

Do incentives make a difference? Understanding smart charging program adoption for electric vehicles

“…One example of this has been V1G technologyoften called smart charging. Smart charging is a type of DR program and technology that sends signals/communication in a unidirectional manner to control the charging of an EV (Noel et al, 2019). Stepping beyond V1G, one key development for EVs was the early conceptualization of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which enables bidirectional power flow and communication (Noel et al, 2019).…”

“…Smart charging is a type of DR program and technology that sends signals/communication in a unidirectional manner to control the charging of an EV (Noel et al, 2019). Stepping beyond V1G, one key development for EVs was the early conceptualization of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology, which enables bidirectional power flow and communication (Noel et al, 2019). Kempton and Letendre (1997) led this effort, identifying significant benefits to using large EV fleets as batteries including lower costs for customers, improved grid reliability, and easier integration of renewables.…”

“…Kempton and Letendre (1997) led this effort, identifying significant benefits to using large EV fleets as batteries including lower costs for customers, improved grid reliability, and easier integration of renewables. Further history and definitions of V2G can be found in Noel et al (2019). Current conceptualization has also included vehicle-to-everything (V2X) which encompasses V2G, vehicle-to-home (V2H), and vehicle-to-business (V2B) (Pearre and Ribberink, 2019).…”

Reaping the Benefits of Smart Electric Vehicle Charging and Vehicle-to-Grid Technologies: Regulatory, Policy and Technical Aspects

“…Nevertheless, V2G needs to overcome several challenges, such as premature battery degradation, communication infrastructure to facilitate the communication between the vehicles and the grid, effects on grid equipment, other infrastructure changes, social, political, cultural, and technical obstacles [50]. Although V2G operation can reduce the lifetime of vehicle batteries, it is projected to become economical for vehicle owners and grid operators [51].…”