Historical scarf and splice carpentry joints: state of the art

Karolak, Anna; Jasieńko, Jerzy; Raszczuk, Krzysztof

doi:10.1186/s40494-020-00448-2

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Ancient Romans used it to build houses, temples, and bridges [ 19 ]. Timber has been used for many years to construct bridges and churches [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. Structures made of timber can be easily repaired or reinforced [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Aluminium-Timber Composite Bolted Connections Strengthened with Toothed Plates

Chybiński

Polus

2022

Materials

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This paper presents the first experimental study of the load-slip behaviour of aluminium-timber composite bolted connections reinforced with toothed plates. The effectiveness of the strengthening was evaluated in laboratory push-out tests. The push-out test samples consisted of laminated veneer lumber panels, aluminium alloy I-beams, and bolts (grade 8.8 10 mm × 125 mm and 12 mm × 135 mm bolts, grade 5.8 10 mm × 125 mm and 12 mm × 135 mm bolts). A group of 16 specimens had toothed plates as additional reinforcement, while 16 specimens had no reinforcement. The impact of the bolt diameter (10 and 12 mm) and bolt grade (5.8 and 8.8) on the behaviour of the connections was also analysed. The values of the ultimate load and the slip modulus for the bolted connections with grade 8.8 10 mm and 12 mm bolts and with grade 5.8 12 mm bolts reinforced by toothed-plate connectors were comparable to the values for the non-reinforced connections. This was because, in the case of grade 8.8 10 mm × 125 mm and 12 mm × 135 mm bolts and grade 5.8 12 mm × 135 mm bolts, the laminated veneer lumber (LVL) slabs split both in the reinforced and non-reinforced connections. The toothed-plate connectors reduced timber destruction in the bearing zones in the LVL slabs. However, they did not protect the LVL slabs against splitting. Therefore, the impact of the toothed plate connectors on the stiffness and strength of the bolted connections with grade 8.8 10 mm and 12 mm bolts and with grade 5.8 12 mm bolts analysed in this paper was found to be negligible. In the case of grade 5.8 10 mm bolts, the LVL slabs did not split. The mean slip modulus k0.6 of the connections with grade 5.8 10 mm bolts reinforced with toothed plate connectors was 2.9 times higher than that of the non-reinforced connections. However, the strength of the connections with grade 5.8 10 mm bolts was 1.2 times lower after reinforcing. This was because the shanks of the bolts were sheared faster in the reinforced connections than in the non-reinforced connections as a result of the bolt shanks being under the bearing pressure of the aluminium flange, the LVL slab, and the toothed-plate flange. This situation did not occur for the remaining connections because they had a higher strength (grade 8.8 bolts) or a larger diameter (12 mm), and their bolts were less prone to cutting off. The investigated load–slip curves of the reinforced bolted connections can be used for designing and numerical modelling of aluminium-timber composite beams with this type of connection.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Study of Aluminium-Timber Composite Bolted Connections Strengthened with Toothed Plates

Chybiński

Polus

2022

Materials

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“…Tannert et al 2011) or scarf joints (see e.g. Karolak et al 2020), to name just a few (see Figure 1; Ehlbeck et al 1995, Blaß andSandhaas 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cohesive zone models), as these are the stresses acting in the heel of this joint type. The scope of this study is limited to this type of scarf joints and the interested reader is kindly referred to (Karolak et al 2020) for a detailed state of the art on scarf joints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Finite element modelling and experimental verification of timber halved and tabled scarf joints

Massaro

Stamatopoulos

Andersen

et al. 2022

International Wood Products Journal

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Carpentry joints are very common in existing timber structures and they may gain attention for contemporary structures, due to their high degree of reversibility. Therefore, reliable Finite Element (FE) models for carpentry joints can contribute to assessing their capacity and provide a better insight into the parameters influencing their mechanical properties. This paper presents a FE study (using Abaqus) of timber halved-and-tabled scarf joints, together with experimental results. The FE-model considers fracture due to combined shear and tension perpendicular-to-grain by using cohesive zone modelling. Experimental tests on spruce solid timber specimens were performed to validate the model. The specimens were constructed by the use of a CNC-machine. For comparative purposes, two handmade specimens were tested, resulting in a lower load capacity. The FE results showed that initial gaps have a considerable effect on capacity. For certain assumed initial gaps, the FE-model could predict the capacity, however, it underestimated the deformation.

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“…An experimental evaluation of traditional scarf joinery behavior in bending can be found in Hirst et al [17]. More recently, in Karolak et al [18] a more in-depth analysis on the current state of knowledge related to scarf and splice carpentry joints in flexural elements as well as selected examples of tensile elements is presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing Stop-Splayed Scarf Joints With Timber Peg: Role of Slenderness

Ceraldi¹,

D’Ambra²,

Lippiello³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COM

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Repairing stop-splayed scarf-joints in beams or truss-rods is a frequent occurrence in restoring ancient timber structures. Reinforcement of carpentry joints by means of metallic elements as well as unconventional materials is extensively investigated in literature, while timber pegs in timber to timber connections are studied referring mainly to new timber structures. In the present paper, authors' previous research analysing the mechanical behaviour of stopsplayed scarf joints reinforced with timber pegs has been carried on, focusing on the evaluation of ductility which can be achieved by reinforcement with timber pegs. Moreover, the role of slenderness, the rate between jointed timber thickness and peg diameter is analysed. An experimental program has been carried out testing in axial tension two samples of fir scarf joints with an ash key: one sample constituted of two simple scarf joints, and one constituted of three scarf joints reinforced with two ash pegs of 20 mm of diameter. Comparing experimental results has allowed to better understand the role played by timber pegs in reinforcement and to evaluate the influence of reinforcement on ductility of reinforced scarf joints behaviour. Experimental results have also been compared with those obtained in a previous experimental study where an analogous experimental program has been made on smaller scarf joints reinforced with two ash pegs of 8 mm of diameter. So, the role played by slenderness has been focused. The evaluation of the attained results, even if not exhaustive for a reliable theoretical formulation of timber peg behaviour in reinforcing stop-splayed joints, has allowed the identification of some interesting features, that is stiffness and reinforcement due to timber pegs.

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Historical scarf and splice carpentry joints: state of the art

Cited by 15 publications

References 35 publications

Experimental Study of Aluminium-Timber Composite Bolted Connections Strengthened with Toothed Plates

Experimental Study of Aluminium-Timber Composite Bolted Connections Strengthened with Toothed Plates

Finite element modelling and experimental verification of timber halved and tabled scarf joints

Reinforcing Stop-Splayed Scarf Joints With Timber Peg: Role of Slenderness

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