Experimental Study of Aluminium-Timber Composite Bolted Connections Strengthened with Toothed Plates

Abstract

This paper presents the first experimental study of the load-slip behaviour of aluminium-timber composite bolted connections reinforced with toothed plates. The effectiveness of the strengthening was evaluated in laboratory push-out tests. The push-out test samples consisted of laminated veneer lumber panels, aluminium alloy I-beams, and bolts (grade 8.8 10 mm × 125 mm and 12 mm × 135 mm bolts, grade 5.8 10 mm × 125 mm and 12 mm × 135 mm bolts). A group of 16 specimens had toothed plates as additional reinforcement, while 16 specimens had no reinforcement. The impact of the bolt diameter (10 and 12 mm) and bolt grade (5.8 and 8.8) on the behaviour of the connections was also analysed. The values of the ultimate load and the slip modulus for the bolted connections with grade 8.8 10 mm and 12 mm bolts and with grade 5.8 12 mm bolts reinforced by toothed-plate connectors were comparable to the values for the non-reinforced connections. This was because, in the case of grade 8.8 10 mm × 125 mm and 12 mm × 135 mm bolts and grade 5.8 12 mm × 135 mm bolts, the laminated veneer lumber (LVL) slabs split both in the reinforced and non-reinforced connections. The toothed-plate connectors reduced timber destruction in the bearing zones in the LVL slabs. However, they did not protect the LVL slabs against splitting. Therefore, the impact of the toothed plate connectors on the stiffness and strength of the bolted connections with grade 8.8 10 mm and 12 mm bolts and with grade 5.8 12 mm bolts analysed in this paper was found to be negligible. In the case of grade 5.8 10 mm bolts, the LVL slabs did not split. The mean slip modulus k0.6 of the connections with grade 5.8 10 mm bolts reinforced with toothed plate connectors was 2.9 times higher than that of the non-reinforced connections. However, the strength of the connections with grade 5.8 10 mm bolts was 1.2 times lower after reinforcing. This was because the shanks of the bolts were sheared faster in the reinforced connections than in the non-reinforced connections as a result of the bolt shanks being under the bearing pressure of the aluminium flange, the LVL slab, and the toothed-plate flange. This situation did not occur for the remaining connections because they had a higher strength (grade 8.8 bolts) or a larger diameter (12 mm), and their bolts were less prone to cutting off. The investigated load–slip curves of the reinforced bolted connections can be used for designing and numerical modelling of aluminium-timber composite beams with this type of connection.

Push-Out Tests on Connections for Demountable and Reusable Steel-Timber Composite Beam and Flooring Systems

“…The use of crossbanded LVL prevented the occurrence of splitting failure. This demonstrates one of the benefits of using this type of LVL compared to noncrossbanded LVL and other timber materials which are known to be susceptible to this type of failure, as shown by other researchers in similar tests [7,8]. The behaviour of the connections is non-linear, it is characterized by (i) an initial stiff response until the slip resistance given by the bolt preload is overcome, (ii) when the slip resistance is overcome, there is sliding friction, which results in a small displacement of about 2-4mm with no increase in the load until contact bearing between the bolt and both the steel flange and the connection device starts, (iii) then there is bearing and shear in the bolt and embedment of the connection device in the timber, which produce a monotonic increasing branch in the load-slip curve.…”

Structural Behaviour of Aluminium–Timber Composite Beams with Partial Shear Connections

“…Bolted shear connectors embedded in the grout had high ductility and energy-dissipating capacity when an adequate edge distance between the bolted shear connectors and the edge of the grout pocket in the timber slab were provided. In the case of aluminium-timber composite structures, similar demountable connectors were investigated (i.e., screws [25,[55][56][57], bolts [26], screws with toothed plates [58], and bolts with toothed plates [59]). A comparison of the bolted and screwed connections was presented in [59].…”

“…In the case of aluminium-timber composite structures, similar demountable connectors were investigated (i.e., screws [25,[55][56][57], bolts [26], screws with toothed plates [58], and bolts with toothed plates [59]). A comparison of the bolted and screwed connections was presented in [59]. In the case of both types of connections, the increase in the fastener diameter provided for the increase in the connection strength and its slip moduli.…”

Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Load-Carrying Capacity of a Timber Semi-Rigid Dowel-Type Connection

“…Dowel-type fasteners, such as screws, bolts, and dowels, are one of the most popular fasteners in timber structures, not only in timber-to-timber connections— Solarino 2017 [ 22 ] and Vavrusova 2016 [ 23 ]—but also in steel-to-timber and aluminum-to-timber connections; see Chybiński, Polus 2022 [ 24 ], Chybiński, Polus 2022 [ 25 ]. In order to effectively apply dowel-type connections, it is crucial to understand their mechanical behavior under loading.…”