Historical perspective on risk assessment in the federal government

Graham, John D.

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(95)03035-e

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…EPA 1989;Masters 1998). Over the last 2 decades, risk assessments have been conducted routinely in the U.S. for both adult and child populations, and the results have been used in risk management decision-making by many industries, public organizations, and regulatory agencies (Graham 1995;McClellan 1998;.…”

Section: Traditional Risk Assessment Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Methods for Evaluating Children's Exposures for Use in Health Risk Assessment

Williams

Holicky

Paustenbach

2003

Journal of Children's Health

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Despite the relatively long history of incorporating child-specific safety or exposure factors into U.S. health risk assessments, there has been a growing perception that past scientific and regulatory approaches were not sufficiently protective of infants and children. To address these concerns, a wide range of activities have occurred over the last few years that will likely generate new information on childspecific issues and identify data gaps in current knowledge about children's exposures and health risks. For example, the new publication by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, will provide unique information on environmental chemical exposures in the U.S. population using biomonitoring (i.e., blood and urine) analyses. Although preliminary reviews have attempted to summarize what is known about the factors that influence children's exposure and sensitivity to environmental contaminants, there does not appear to be a comprehensive published summary of children's exposure assessment methodologies, or clear guidance on how to prioritize future research needs or deal with data uncertainties. In this paper, we provide an overview of the traditional human health risk assessment paradigm, as well as a reasonably complete discussion of how to assess children's exposures for human health risk assessments via inhalation, dermal, and ingestion routes. Several additional approaches are also discussed that might be worthwhile components of future children's exposure assessments, including: (1) probabilistic (Monte Carlo) techniques, (2) formal expert judgment studies, and (3) value-of-information (VOI) analyses. The information presented here should be useful for persons involved in child-specific

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Section: Traditional Risk Assessment Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Methods for Evaluating Children's Exposures for Use in Health Risk Assessment

Williams

Holicky

Paustenbach

2003

Journal of Children's Health

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“…The basis of the ADI is that the adverse health effect induced by the agent or chemical is a true no-effect level of exposure (i.e., a strict threshold in the dose-response curve). 70 Differences exist between scientific toxicology and regulatory toxicology. 71 Scientific toxicology generates and interprets scientific data while regulatory toxicology develops policies.…”

Section: Scientific and Regulatory Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Making for Human and Veterinary Public Health

Lathers

2002

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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Risk assessment is the method of systematically identifying and assessing factors that influence the probability and consequences of a negative event occurring. One responsibility of veterinary medicine is to protect animal and human health. Food animal production uses antibiotics to enhance production. Regulators evaluate new production technology to ensure animal safety and safe, edible products and to make public policy decisions by assessing risks/benefits. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Veterinary Medicine's (CVM's) first risk assessment addressed the potential human health impact of campylobacter effects associated with the use of fluoroquinolines in food-producing animals. CVM used the Monte Carlo method to estimate risk byprobability distributions that reflect the uncertainty and variability in the data used for the assessment. Enterococci faecium is a species more likely to be resistant to antibiotics of last resort. Effective control of multidrug-resistant enterococci will requirea better understanding of the transfer of E. faeciumfrom animals to humans and the interaction between E. faecium, the hospital environment, and humans; prudent antibiotic use; better contact isolation in hospitals; and better surveillance. CVM will model these factors in a second, more complex risk assessment designed to examine the indirect transfer of resistance from animals to humans. Use of risk assessments allows researchers, the industry, regulatory authorities, and educators to make better policy decisions regarding antimicrobial use in food animals and humans and the development of resistance. Today the question of whether the use of antimicrobials for growth enhancement infood animals should or should not be terminated for the benefit of human health remains unresolved.

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“…The formal discipline of risk assessment developed in the 1970s, in response to growing public concerns about chemical hazards in the human environment. (1, 2) The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) defines risk assessment as “the use of the factual base to define the health effects of exposure of individuals or populations to hazardous materials and situations.”(3) (p. 3) The basic components of risk assessment as promulgated by the National Research Council in 1993 are now recognized as the standard in the field, including in federal policymaking. (4)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender, Ethnicity and Environmental Risk Perception Revisited: The Importance of Residential Location

et al. 2015

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Objectives Studies in the U.S. have found that white men are less concerned about pollution than are women or people of other ethnicity. These studies have not assessed respondents’ proximity to localized sources of pollution. Our objective was to assess lay perceptions of risk from air pollution in an ethnically diverse sample in which proximity to a major perceptible source of pollution is known. Methods Cross sectional interview study of combined area probability and convenience sample of individuals 40 and older in the Boston area, selected according to proximity to high traffic controlled access highways. Results Of 697 respondents 46% were white, 37% Asian (mostly Chinese), 6.3% African-American, 6.3% Latino, and 7.6% other ethnicity. While white respondents, and particularly white men, were less concerned about air pollution than others, this effect disappeared when controlling for distance from the highway. White men were slightly less supportive than others of government policy to control pollution Conclusions The “white male” effect may in part be accounted for by the greater likelihood of minority respondents to live near perceptible localized sources of pollution.

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Historical perspective on risk assessment in the federal government

Cited by 25 publications

References 58 publications

Current Methods for Evaluating Children's Exposures for Use in Health Risk Assessment

Current Methods for Evaluating Children's Exposures for Use in Health Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Making for Human and Veterinary Public Health

Gender, Ethnicity and Environmental Risk Perception Revisited: The Importance of Residential Location

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