Current Methods for Evaluating Children's Exposures for Use in Health Risk Assessment

Williams, Pamela R. D.; Holicky, Kelley C.; Paustenbach, Dennis J.

doi:10.3109/713610246

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Many aggregate exposure and dose models assume a fractional absorption without taking into account the physiological pharmacokinetic processes of uptake [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. However, even for a widely studied chemical like chlorpyrifos, there is not a consensus on the appropriate absorption fractions for each route.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children

Beamer

Canales

Ferguson

et al. 2012

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Child-Specific Aggregate Cumulative Human Exposure and Dose (CACHED) framework integrates micro-level activity time series with mechanistic exposure equations, environmental concentration distributions, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic components to estimate exposure for multiple routes and chemicals. CACHED was utilized to quantify cumulative and aggregate exposure and dose estimates for a population of young farmworker children and to evaluate the model for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Micro-activities of farmworker children collected concurrently with residential measurements of pesticides were used in the CACHED framework to simulate 115,000 exposure scenarios and quantify cumulative and aggregate exposure and dose estimates. Modeled metabolite urine concentrations were not statistically different than concentrations measured in the urine of children, indicating that CACHED can provide realistic biomarker estimates. Analysis of the relative contribution of exposure route and pesticide indicates that in general, chlorpyrifos non-dietary ingestion exposure accounts for the largest dose, confirming the importance of the micro-activity approach. The risk metrics computed from the 115,000 simulations, indicate that greater than 95% of these scenarios might pose a risk to children’s health from aggregate chlorpyrifos exposure. The variability observed in the route and pesticide contributions to urine biomarker levels demonstrate the importance of accounting for aggregate and cumulative exposure in establishing pesticide residue tolerances in food.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children

Beamer

Canales

Ferguson

et al. 2012

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A number of initiatives stemming from the FQPA and the National Research Council's report ''Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children' ' (NRC, 1993) have been implemented to protect children, including but not limited to: (1) the Federal Executive Order of 21 April 1997, ''Protection of Children from Environmental Risks and Safety Risks,'' (2) Centers for Children's Environmental Heath and Disease Prevention Research established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) (O'Fallon et al, 2000), (3) Children's Health Act, (4) Strategy for Research on Environmental Risks to Children, (5) Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook, (6) Guidance for Assessing Cancer Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure (Williams et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Video methods in the quantification of children's exposures

Ferguson

Canales

Beamer

et al. 2005

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

These MLATS are especially useful for describing intermittent dermal (i.e., second-by-second account of surfaces and objects contacted) and non-dietary ingestion (second-by-second account of objects or hands placed in the mouth) contact behavior. Second-by-second records of children contact behavior are amenable to quantitative and statistical analysis and allow for more accurate model estimates of human exposure and dose to environmental contaminants. Activity patterns data for modeling inhalation exposure (i.e., accounts of microenvironments visited) can also be extracted from the MLATS data. Since the pilot study, ERG has collected an immense MLATS data set for 92 children using more developed and refined videotaping and video-translation methodologies. This paper describes all aspects required for the collection of MLATS including: subject recruitment techniques, videotaping and video-translation processes, and potential data analysis. This paper also describes the quality assurance steps employed for these new MLATS projects, including: training, data management, and the application of interobserver and intraobserver agreement during video translation. The discussion of these issues and ERG's experiences in dealing with them can assist other groups in the conduct of research that employs these more quantitative techniques.

show abstract

“…Approaches for conducting child‐specific exposure and risk analyses have also populated the literature in recent years (AIHC, 1994; Armstrong et al , 2000; Finley et al , 1994; Cohen‐Hubal et al , 2000; U.S. EPA, 1989, 1997, 2002b; Reiss et al , 2003; Williams et al , 2003). In response to growing concerns about children's health issues in the United States, several federal laws and a number of nationwide policies and initiatives aimed at studying and protecting children from environmental health hazards have been enacted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EPA, , 1997U.S. EPA, , 2002bReiss et al, 2003;Williams et al, 2003). In response to growing concerns about children's health issues in the United States, several federal laws and a number of nationwide policies and initiatives aimed at studying and protecting children from environmental health hazards have been enacted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

VCCEP Pilot: Progress on Evaluating Children's Risks and Data Needs

Williams¹,

Patterson²,

Briggs³

2006

Risk Analysis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP) is designed to provide information to the public on children's potential health risks associated with chemical exposures. The key question of the VCCEP is whether the potential hazards, exposures, and risks to children have been adequately characterized, and, if not, what additional data are necessary. To answer this question, manufacturers or importers of 23 chemicals were asked by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to sponsor their chemicals in the first tier of a pilot program. These chemicals were selected for evaluation because they have been found as contaminants in human tissue or fluids (adipose tissue, blood, breath, breast milk, or urine); food and water children may eat and drink; or air children may breathe (including residential or school air). Under the VCCEP framework, sponsoring companies agree to prepare Tier 1 hazard, exposure, and risk assessments on the individual chemicals, and identify the need for additional data. These assessment documents are submitted to the U.S. EPA and subsequently undergo review by experts in an independent peer consultation meeting that is open to the public. Following this peer consultation process, the U.S. EPA reviews each submission and makes a data-needs determination, which may include requesting further data collection or generation by the sponsor. Sponsoring companies then decide whether to volunteer for the next tier and collect or generate the requested data. The purpose of this article is to describe the VCCEP process and to review and present the key findings from the first set of chemicals that have been fully or partially evaluated under the pilot program (vinylidene chloride, decabromodiphenyl ether, pentabromodiphenyl ether, octabromodiphenyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, decane, undecane, and dodecane). Specifically, we provide a brief summary of the sponsors' submissions, the peer consultation panels' discussions, and the U.S. EPA's data-needs decisions. Although we do not attempt to conduct independent analyses of the underlying data, we do identify a number of common themes that have emerged during implementation of the pilot program and discuss several key issues that could become important in the future. The information presented here should be useful for various parties interested in the progress of the VCCEP and the results of the initial (Tier 1) children's assessments.

show abstract

Current Methods for Evaluating Children's Exposures for Use in Health Risk Assessment

Cited by 10 publications

References 101 publications

Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children

Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children

Video methods in the quantification of children's exposures

VCCEP Pilot: Progress on Evaluating Children's Risks and Data Needs

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About