Historical biogeography of Heteropterinae skippers via Beringian and post‐Tethyan corridors

Abstract

Among butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea), increasingly well sampled and strongly supported trees-of-life are facilitating new evolutionary insights thanks to the application of new methods. A

Molecular and morphological evidence reveals a new genus of the subfamily Heteropterinae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from China

“…1). Moreover, the two analyses provided strong support for the monophyly of Heteropterinae (PP = 1, SH-aLRT = 99.9, UFBoot = 100), which excludes the genera Apostictopterus, Barca, Lepella, and Tsitana originally assigned to this subfamily, and is consistent with the findings of the most recent studies (Toussaint et al 2018(Toussaint et al , 2020Cong et al 2019;Zhang et al 2019). Within the subfamily Heteropterinae, four major clades were differentiated, with 14 well-supported monophyletic subclades, corresponding to the 13 currently recognised genera and the Carterocephalus pulchra clade.…”

“…We sampled specimens from all genera listed in the subfamily Heteropterinae (Warren et al 2008(Warren et al , 2009Cong et al 2019;Toussaint et al 2020), including as many species as possible. We used a total of 44 specimens of 38 species in 13 genera as ingroup taxa, along with 12 species from other subfamilies (Coeliadinae, Pyrginae, Eudaminae, Euschemoninae, Barcinae, Trapezitinae, and Hesperiinae) as outgroup taxa.…”

“…We used a total of 44 specimens of 38 species in 13 genera as ingroup taxa, along with 12 species from other subfamilies (Coeliadinae, Pyrginae, Eudaminae, Euschemoninae, Barcinae, Trapezitinae, and Hesperiinae) as outgroup taxa. Among these specimens, 31 were newly sequenced in this study, with the remaining sequences being obtained from the GenBank database along with supplementary data presented by Sahoo et al (2016) and Toussaint et al (2020). The respective voucher specimens and additional information are listed in Suppl.…”

“…This arrangement was accepted in subsequent taxonomic works until Higgins (1975) and Scott and Wright (1990) restored the subfamily Heteropterinae. Recent molecular studies strongly support the monophyly of the subfamily (Warren et al 2008;Sahoo et al 2016Sahoo et al , 2017Toussaint et al 2018Toussaint et al , 2020Cong et al 2019;Li et al 2019;Zhang et al 2019;Liu et al 2020). Currently, Heteropterinae includes the following 13 genera: Heteropterus Dumeril, 1806;Carterocephalus Lederer, 1852;Butleria Kirby, 1871;Argopteron, 1893;Dalla Mabille, 1904;Leptalina Mabille, 1904;Metisella Hemming, 1934;Dardarina Evans, 1937;Hovala Evans, 1937;Piruna Evans, 1955;Freemaniana Warren, 2001;Ladda Grishin, 2019;and Willema Grishin, 2019.…”

“…Currently, Heteropterinae includes the following 13 genera: Heteropterus Dumeril, 1806;Carterocephalus Lederer, 1852;Butleria Kirby, 1871;Argopteron, 1893;Dalla Mabille, 1904;Leptalina Mabille, 1904;Metisella Hemming, 1934;Dardarina Evans, 1937;Hovala Evans, 1937;Piruna Evans, 1955;Freemaniana Warren, 2001;Ladda Grishin, 2019;and Willema Grishin, 2019. Moreover, the most recent studies indicate that all these genera are monophyletic (Cong et al 2019;Toussaint et al 2020).…”