Historical and Contemporary Diversity of Galaxiids in South America: Biogeographic and Phylogenetic Perspectives

Vera-Escalona, Iván; Delgado, Maximino; Habit, Evelyn; Ruzzante, Daniel E.

doi:10.3390/d12080304

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“… Delgado et al (2019) observe that estuarine migratory populations exhibited higher genetic diversity than resident populations, which is explained by the (probably low) diversity of the colonizing populations. Therefore, these differences in diversity between types of samples can be explained by bottlenecks generated by population reduction during glacial maxima, similar to those recorded by Zemlak et al (2010) and Vera-Escalona et al, 2020 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Divergence Between Landlocked and Migratory Populations of Fish Galaxias maculatus, Evaluated Through Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Nuclear DNA Microsatellites

et al. 2022

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Galaxias species are interesting biogeographic models due to their distribution and different types of life cycles, with migratory and landlocked populations. To obtain a better understanding of the genetic consequences of the Quaternary glacial cycles in Galaxias maculatus, in this work we compared landlocked and migratory populations collected in areas that were differentially affected by ice advances and retreats. We included nine populations of G. maculatus, four collected from lakes (landlocked) and five from their associated estuaries/rivers (migratory) in three estuary-lake systems across southern Chile. Genetic analyses were performed using the mitochondrial control region and nine microsatellite loci. Genetic diversity measured with both markers was significantly higher in migratory than in landlocked populations across the study area. The levels of genetic differentiation showed higher differentiation among lakes than estuaries. Genetic diversity was higher in migratory populations located in areas that were less impacted by ice during Quaternary glacial processes. These results may be the consequence of recent recolonization of small freshwater bodies following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Finally, the greatest differentiation was observed in populations that were exposed to continental ice advances and retreats during the LGM. Thus, in the present work we corroborate a pattern of differentiation between lakes and estuaries, using mtDNA sequences and microsatellite nuclear markers. This pattern may be due to a combination of biological factors, i.e., resident non-migratory behaviour or landlocking and natal homing-in, as well as geological factors, i.e., Expansion-Contraction Quaternary glacial biogeographic processes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Divergence Between Landlocked and Migratory Populations of Fish Galaxias maculatus, Evaluated Through Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Nuclear DNA Microsatellites

et al. 2022

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“…Phylogeographic studies with G. maculatus suggest that the diadromous life history is the ancestral state. Diadromy is in fact the life history trait that allowed G. maculatus to disperse from New Zealand to Australia, and later to South America via the West Wind Drift (Vera‐Escalona et al., 2020; Waters & Burridge, 1999). Recent genomic data indicate that diadromous G. maculatus populations in Chile are highly differentiated from their resident counterparts (i.e., freshwater population inhabiting the same river system) (Fixation index that assesses population differentiation was moderate to high = F ST : 0.2–0.6) (Delgado et al., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic basis of the loss of diadromy inGalaxias maculatus: Insights from reciprocal transplant experiments

et al. 2020

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Diadromy is known for having major effects on the distribution and richness of aquatic species, and so does its loss. The loss of diadromy has led to the diversification of many species, yet research focusing on understanding its molecular basis and consequences are limited. This is particularly true for amphidromous species despite being the most abundant group of diadromous species. Galaxias maculatus, an amphidromous species and one of the most widely distributed fishes in the Southern Hemisphere, exhibits many instances of nonmigratory or resident populations. The existence of naturally replicated resident populations in Patagonia can serve as an ideal system for the study of the mechanisms that lead to the loss of the diadromy and its ecological and evolutionary consequences. Here, we studied two adjacent river systems in which resident populations are genetically differentiated yet derived from the same diadromous population. By combining a reciprocal transplant experiment with genomic data, we showed that the two resident populations followed different evolutionary pathways by exhibiting a differential response in their capacity to survive in salt water. While one resident population was able to survive salt water, the other was not. Genomic analyses provided insights into the genes that distinguished (a) migratory from nonmigratory populations; (b) populations that can vs those that cannot survive a saltwater environment; and (c) between these resident populations. This study demonstrates that the loss of diadromy can be achieved by different pathways and that environmental (selection) and random (genetic drift) forces shape this dynamic evolutionary process.

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“…Most studies (95%) were conducted in a single country; although a small number of studies considered one or more of the species across multiple countries (Figure 3d), these were generally reviews or biogeographic studies (e.g. Burridge et al, 2012; Vera‐Escalona et al, 2020; Waters et al, 2000). International studies were most common between Chile and Argentina and Australia and Aotearoa.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal patterns of research on Southern Hemisphere amphidromous galaxiids: A semi–quantitative review

Lee

Boddy²,

Bloxham

et al. 2023

Austral Ecology

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Amphidromy is a distinctive life‐history strategy of some fish species that involves spawning in fresh or brackish water followed by dispersal to sea by newly hatched larvae, where they develop for a short period. Individuals then return to freshwater as juveniles, where they feed and grow, before maturing and spawning. Six amphidromous species from the Southern Hemisphere genus Galaxias (G. truttaceus, G. fasciatus, G. argenteus, G. postvectis, G. brevipinnis, G. maculatus) are recreationally, culturally, and economically important as the juveniles are harvested. Due to ongoing population declines and a lack of critical demographic information, there is growing concern about the management of the species. Here, we used semi‐quantitative review, culturomics, and bibliometric tools to analyse peer‐reviewed research conducted on the six amphidromous species of Galaxias to: (i) understand how spatiotemporal patterns of research have shifted over the last five decades, and (ii) identify critical research gaps. Forty percent of studies (n = 295) covered a spatial extent of 10 km or less and 87% of studies lasted less than 2 years – studies were largely small and short relative to the species' ranges and their longevity. Additionally, we found important research gaps; for example, studies on the effects of climate change and the associated effects of disturbance, and the marine phase are scarce in the peer‐reviewed literature. Finally, we suggest that quantitative models have been underutilized as tools for studying amphidromous galaxiids and should be embraced to answer questions not readily addressed with field and laboratory‐based techniques. If these species are to be effectively managed, their population dynamics across spatiotemporal scales must be understood and critical and long‐standing gaps in research knowledge addressed.

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Historical and Contemporary Diversity of Galaxiids in South America: Biogeographic and Phylogenetic Perspectives

Cited by 4 publications

References 73 publications

Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Divergence Between Landlocked and Migratory Populations of Fish Galaxias maculatus, Evaluated Through Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Nuclear DNA Microsatellites

Contrasting Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Divergence Between Landlocked and Migratory Populations of Fish Galaxias maculatus, Evaluated Through Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing and Nuclear DNA Microsatellites

Genomic basis of the loss of diadromy inGalaxias maculatus: Insights from reciprocal transplant experiments

Spatiotemporal patterns of research on Southern Hemisphere amphidromous galaxiids: A semi–quantitative review

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