Histopathological Evaluation of Annona muricata in TAA-Induced Liver Injury in Rats

Abstract

This research in vivo assessed the impact of the ethanolic extract of Annona muricata (A. muricata) on the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in Sprague Dawley rats. The rats, gavaged precisely with two doses of A. muricata (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) with TAA, presented a substantial reduction in the liver index and hepatocyte propagation, with much lower cell injury. These groups showed meaningfully down-regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the liver and spleen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in liver parenchymal tissue. The liver homogenate displayed enhanced antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, along with a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The serum levels of bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and liver enzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were returned to normal and were similar to that of the normal control and silymarin with TAA-treated groups. Oral acute toxicity revealed no evidence of any toxic symbols or mortality in rats, indicating the safety of A. muricata. Therefore, the normal microanatomy of hepatocytes, the clampdown of PCNA, α-SMA, TGF-β, improved antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT), and condensed MDA with repairs of liver biomarkers validate the hepatoprotective effect of A. muricata.

Hepatoprotective effect of pinostrobin against thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats

“…The increase in liver function biomarkers imitates hepatocellular dysfunction. With the consistency of the results of the current study increase in liver markers activities and bilirubin levels in the hepatotoxic group were previously reported by several researchers ( Alkiyumi et al, 2012 , Salama et al, 2018 , Bradosty et al, 2021 , Shareef et al, 2022 , Al-Medhtiy et al, 2022 ). These values were meaningfully reduced to near-normal levels after feeding with pinostrobin.…”

“…These values were meaningfully reduced to near-normal levels after feeding with pinostrobin. With the consistency of our findings, several coworkers used various plant extracts to show reduced liver function enzyme activities and bilirubin levels, which have been previously reported elsewhere ( Salama et al, 2018 , Abood et al, 2020 , Sinaga et al, 2021 , Shareef et al, 2022 , Al-Medhtiy et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Though, silymarin or pinostrobin feeding groups bring back these values to a closely normal level. With the agreement of the results of our investigation enormous numbers of scientists displayed that rats gavaged silymarin or various plant extracts brought the albumin and protein to almost normal levels ( Abood et al, 2020 , Bradosty et al, 2021 , Chavan et al, 2021 , Al-Medhtiy et al, 2022 ) reported that ethanolic leave extracts of Garuga pinnata can serve as promising herbal medicine for the treatment of both acute and chronic hepatotoxicity due to the presence of flavonoids.…”

“…Numerous medicinal plants are known to protect the liver against the hepatotoxic effects of TAA in experimental animals. These effects are frequently revised in the scientific literature ( Amin et al, 2013 , Kadir et al, 2014 , Azab and Albasha, 2018 , Salama et al, 2018 , Mousa et al, 2019 , Khalil et al, 2021 , Shareef et al, 2022 , Al-Medhtiy et al, 2022 ). The most widespread hepatoprotection agent is silymarin, which is an herbal substance extracted from seeds of the Silybum marinum plant ( Gillessen and Schmidt, 2020 ).…”

A Review on Annona muricata and Its Anticancer Activity

“…Interestingly, the levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-1) in liver tissue were found to be reduced in an in vivo study that evaluated the effect of the ethanolic extract of A. muricata (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) on thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver cirrhosis in Sprague Dawley rats. Acute oral toxicity tests on rats showed no harmful symptoms or fatalities, confirming A. muricata ’s safety [ 174 ].…”