Genetic and epigenetic modifications in DNA contribute to altered gene expression in aging and cancer. In human cancers, epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, micro RNAs and nucleosome remodelling all control gene expression. The link between the genetics and
The ongoing rise in the number of cancer cases raises concerns regarding the efficacy of the various treatment methods that are currently available. Consequently, patients are looking for alternatives to traditional cancer treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy as a replacement. Medicinal plants are universally acknowledged as the cornerstone of preventative medicine and therapeutic practices. Annona muricata is a member of the family Annonaceae and is familiar for its medicinal properties. A. muricata has been identified to have promising compounds that could potentially be utilized for the treatment of cancer. The most prevalent phytochemical components identified and isolated from this plant are alkaloids, phenols, and acetogenins. This review focuses on the role of A. muricata extract against various types of cancer, modulation of cellular proliferation and necrosis, and bioactive metabolites responsible for various pharmacological activities along with their ethnomedicinal uses. Additionally, this review highlights the molecular mechanism of the role of A. muricata extract in downregulating anti-apoptotic and several genes involved in the pro-cancer metabolic pathways and decreasing the expression of proteins involved in cell invasion and metastasis while upregulating proapoptotic genes and genes involved in the destruction of cancer cells. Therefore, the active phytochemicals identified in A. muricata have the potential to be employed as a promising anti-cancer agent.
Silver nanoparticles act as antitumor agents because of their antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties. The present study aims to develop silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes for the effective management of cancer. Silver nanoparticle-encapsulated liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method coupled with sonication. The prepared liposomes were characterized by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering analysis), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). The in vitro drug release profile of the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes was carried out using the dialysis bag method and the drug release profile was validated using various mathematical models. A high encapsulation efficiency of silver nanoparticle-loaded liposome was observed (82.25%). A particle size and polydispersity index of 172.1 nm and 0.381, respectively, and the zeta potential of −21.5 mV were recorded. FESEM analysis revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles in the size range of 80–97 nm. The in vitro drug release profile of the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes was carried out using the dialysis bag method in three different pHs: pH 5.5, pH 6.8, and pH 7.4. A high silver nanoparticle release was observed in pH 5.5 which corresponds to the mature endosomes of tumor cells; 73.32 ± 0.68% nanoparticle was released at 72 h in pH 5.5. Among the various mathematical models analyzed, the Higuchi model was the best-fitted model as there is the highest value of the correlation coefficient which confirms that the drug release follows the diffusion-controlled process. From the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, it was confirmed that the drug release is based on anomalous non-Fickian diffusion. The results indicate that the silver nanoparticle-loaded liposomes can be used as an efficient drug delivery carrier to target cancer cells of various types.
Plant mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has gained much importance in the current scenario. In this study, Tabebuia pallida leaves were used as a reducing agent for the sunlight mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy which exhibited absorption maxima at 450 nm which is the characteristic of silver nanoparticles. Further, the characterization of the silver nanoparticles were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, Dynamic Light Scattering, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was found to be ranging between 31.76 nm-50.36 nm and is spherical in shape. The crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles was confirmed by x-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the green synthesized silver nanoparticles were evaluated for their free radical scavenging activity using DPPH Radical Scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Reducing Power assay and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay compared with the standard antioxidant Quercetin. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited a higher antioxidant activity against all the tested free radicals. From this evidences, it could be concluded that the green synthesized Tabebuia pallida silver nanoparticles can be used as a potential antioxidant for pharmaceutical applications.
Herbal extracts are indicative of the most important areas of traditional medicine in the world. In order to establish their potential as a source of phytomedicine, the study of medicinal plants is important to facilitate the proper use of herbal medicine. Annona muricata L. commonly known as Soursop belongs to the family Annonaceae. The active constituents present in the plant have preventive effects for various diseases. "Acetogenins” are powerful phytochemicals present in the Annona muricata. These compounds collectively have shown antitumor, parasiticidal, pesticidal and antimicrobial activities. The objective of the present study is to isolate, identify acetogenin rich fraction from Annona muricata leaves and to evaluate the capacity of free radical scavenging. This evidence stated that acetogenin rich fraction could be isolated from Annona muricata leaves and this important phytochemical compound was easily identified by using kedde's reagent. All the four fractions (F1C, F2C, F3C and F4C) tested for radical scavenging activity possess considerable scavenging activity, among the extracts tested F4C fraction exhibited highest scavenging activity.
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