Histopathological Changes of Midgut Epithelial Cells of Aedes aegypti Larvae Exposed to Permot Leaf Extract (Passiflora foetida)

Abstract

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the main vector of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Various prevention efforts were carried out to reduce the population of Ae. aegypti. One way to break the chain of Ae. aegypti is to kill the development of its larvae, namely with synthetic or vegetable larvicides. Permot (Passiflora foetida) is one type of plant that can be used as a vegetable insecticide because it contains active chemical compounds such as alkaloids and flavonoids. Larvae of Ae. aegypti used was instar III with a total of 600, which was divided into 6 treatment groups (1 negative control group, 1 positive control group using 1% temephos, permot leaf extract with dose levels of 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4% ) and 4 replicates. Data on mortality of Ae. aegypti was calculated to determine the effective dose (LC50 and LC90) using the Probit test, while histopathological changes were calculated to determine the toxicity of the permot leaf extract using the one-way Anova test. The results showed that the LC50 value was 1.85% and LC90 was 2.35%, which means that the effective dose of permot leaf extract was 2.35%. In the treatment of 4% permot leaf extract, it showed histopathological changes in the midgut epithelial cells of Ae. aegypti larvae, midgut epithelial cells became lysed, changed shape, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and separated from the basement membrane. Peritrophic membranes, microvilli and brush border were partially or totally damaged.

Another Mode of Action of Temephos Against Aedes aegypti Larvae: A Stomach Poison Investigation

“…28 The peritrophic membrane serves as a barrier against diseases and poisons. 39 The brush border of microvilli on the apical membrane (facing the gut lumen) and irregularly twisted basolateral membrane infoldings of most gut epithelial cells are compatible with their role in the synthesis of digestive enzymes and nutrition assimilation. 42 The most common types of damage found in the larval midgut of Ae.…”

“…6 In fact, more observations of mosquito midgut damage were observed due to exposure to botanical insecticide extracts, such as Averrhoa bilimbi, Asarum heterotropoides, Annona squamosa, Annacardium occidentale, Brucea javanica, Magnolia denudata, Passiflora foetida, and Brucea javanica. [38][39][40] This suggests that temephos is not only work as a neurotoxin, but it also works as a stomach poison. To date, how temephos overcomes the midgut is poorly understood, despite being an important subject matter.…”

Studi Literatur Aktivitas Larvasida Tumbuhan Genus Syzygium Terhadap Beberapa Genus Nyamuk Vektor Penyakit

“…Mekanisme kerja alkaloid sebagai larvasida yaitu sebagai inhibitor enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) [36] dan memperlambat penutupan saluran ion natrium sehingga akan membuat saraf mengalami depolarisasi yang cukup lama, mengakibatkan ion natrium akan terus masuk ke dalam membran sehingga saraf menjadi tidak aktif dan sulit mengalami repolarisasi. Hal tersebut akan menyebabkan larva dalam keadaan paralisis hingga kematian [37]. Saponin sebagai inhibitor enzim pencernaan mekanisme kerjanya yaitu dengan menurunkan aktivitas enzim pencernaan sehingga proses penyerapan makanan terganggu [38].…”

Effectivity test of ethanol extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) against mortality of Aedes aegypti and its effect on midgut morphological changes

“…Then, 25 instar III Aedes aegypti larvae were put into each container and soaked for 24 hours. Larval mortality was calculated at 30, 60, and 1440 minutes (24 hours) [9]. Dead larvae are marked by sinking to the bottom of the plastic cup and do not respond to stimulation.…”

“…Plant bioactive compounds are toxic by disrupting the digestive system and corroding the intestines. The midgut section of mosquito larvae is the leading site of the digestive process and is one of the larvicides' target organs [9].…”