Histopathological and morphological alterations in salivary gland of House fly induced by oral administration Thiamethoxam.

Abstract

The current work the effect of Actara insecticide belongs to chemical family Neonicotinoid. The active component of thiamethoxam in three concentrations: 0.750 ppm, 1.5 ppm and 2.25ppm on adult house fly salivary glands. Histopathological and morphological effects revealed important alterations produced by this insecticide in histological and morphology of the adult house fly gland tissue categorized by increasing gland duct lumen diameter. These alterations are possibly related with excretion function of salivary gland might be accountable for removing this insecticide. Results show thiamethoxam is a powerful insecticide that performances histologically in salivary glant tissue, triggering alterations in the glands form, cytoplasm with extreme vacuolation ,disruption cell membrane, obvious disorganization tissues cells, terminating in progressive deteriorating phase with changes in nucleus glandular cell's, such alterations occurred together in its size and form of gland, disintegration of nucleus, and presence of apoptosis(fragmentation) nucleus, accelerating the process of glandular degeneration ,and interfering with feeding process of house fly particularly when the peak concentration of insecticide was used.

Insect Epigenetic Mechanisms Facing Anthropogenic-Derived Contamination, an Overview

“…The contamination from chemicals incorporated during agricultural field management (e.g., pesticides and fertilizers) has been found to be one of the most harmful to the environment and human health [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. These alterations increase the threats to a wide range of organisms, from beneficial soil microorganisms to our own species [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Pesticides can cause chronic adverse health effects due to altered gene expression mediated by EMM, e.g., C5-cytosine methylation (hereafter “DNAm”) [ 35 ].…”

Cell damage induced by polybrominated diphenyl ethers on Chironomus sancticaroli (Diptera: Chironomidae)

“…The present study describes for the first time the acid grains growth in chironomid salivary glands. Some alterations reported in the salivary glands of insects encompass the disruption of the membrane cells, cytoplasm vacuolisation and nuclear deformation after exposure to neonicotinoids in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758(Mohammed Xider, 2018. In addition to cellular modifications caused by the direct ingestion of xenobiotics, the capacity of salivary glands to remove substances from the haemolymph that were not eliminated by the Malpighian tubules can also compromise the cellular integrity of the glands (Armbruster et al, 1986;Meirelles et al, 2001).…”