“…However, an increasing number of reports of imidacloprid resistance have been demonstrated in Brazilian populations of E. heros (Somavilla, da Gubiani, et al, 2020; Somavilla, Reis, et al, 2020; Steinhaus et al, 2022; Tibola et al, 2021; Tuelher et al, 2018). Imidacloprid exerts its toxicity primarily by causing irreversible disruption of the functions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes expressed in the insect nervous system (Jeschke & Nauen, 2008; Oliveira et al, 2010, 2011; Salgado, 2016; Salgado & Saar, 2004), although its actions at secondary targets also play pivotal roles in its efficacy (Castellanos et al, 2021; Perez Campos et al, 2021; Stamm et al, 2011; Yuan et al, 2021).…”