Histomorphological and Histochemical Study on the Tongue of Black Francolin (<em>Francolinus francolinus</em>)

Light and scanning electron microscopic features of the tongue in cattle egret

“…Unlike mammalian salivary glands, which are prominent and well‐developed, the bird's lingual salivary glands are consisted of a number of smaller glandular unites (Tucker, ), its development is mostly influenced by the bird dietary habit (Almansour and Jarrar, ). In the present investigation of the cattle egret, the lingual salivary glands are composed of branched tubulo‐alveolar unites as was also recorded in white tailed eagle (Jackowiak and Godynicki, ), domestic pigeon (Parchami and Fatahian Dehkordi, ), Black Francolin (Kadhim et al, ), common kingfisher ( Al‐Zahaby and Elsheikh, 2014 ) and rock dove (Al‐Nefeiy and Alahmary, ). Nonetheless, in American rhea (Santos et al, ), in the red jungle fowl (Kadhim et al, ), in Chukar partridge (Erdoğan et al, ), in Muscovy duck (Igwebuike and Anagor, ), in hooded crow (Elsheikh and Al‐Zahaby, ), and in emu (Madhu et al, ) revealed that these lingual glands are made up of branched tubular unites spread in all parts of the tongue.…”

“…The median sulcus or groove which extends on the body's dorsal surface of cattle egret is a characteristic feature of all birds belonging to Anatidae (Bello et al, ; El‐Said and El‐Bakary, ; Emura, ; Hassan et al, ; Igwebuike and Anagor, ), specialized in grazing, pecking, and filtration of food particles. The presence of the median sulcus was also showed in nutcracker (Jackowiak et al, ), common quail (Parchami et al, ), red jungle fowl (Kadhim et al, ), domestic pigeon (Parchami and Fatahian Dehkordi, ), white quail (Uppal et al, ), black francolin (Kadhim et al, ), and laughing dove (Al‐Nefeiy, ) which pick up grains, seeds, and occasionally insects in the ground as the cattle egret of the present study, helping in gathering the scavenged minute food items. Similarly, this conspicuous median sulcus was also observed on the lingual body of the scavenger white tailed eagle (Jackowiak and Godynicki, ), common buzzard (El‐Beltagy, ), and hooded crow (Elsheikh and Al‐Zahaby, ), in addition to the White‐eared bulbul feeds on fruits and insects (Parchami and Fatahian Dehkordi, ).…”

“…Cattle egret have also a transverse rows of caudally directed pharyngeal papillae located behind the oval laryngeal cleft (glottis) as those noted in red jungle fowl (Kadhim et al, ), European magpie and the common raven (Erdoğan and Alan, ) and Guinea fowl (Jayachitra et al, ). But, Iwasaki and Kobayashi () early recorded double transverse rows of pharyngeal papillae in chicken as well as in Black Francolin (Kadhim et al, ). Moussa and Hassan () suggesting that, these long, caudally directed pharyngeal papillae are adaptive feature helping in the caudally direction of food to the esophagus and prevent regurgitation.…”

“…Many studies were performed on the shape and structure of tongue in many avian species such as white tailed eagle (Jackowiak and Godynicki, ), cormorant (Jackowiak et al, ), ostrich (Jackowiak and Ludwig, ), peregrine falcon and common kestrel (Emura et al, ), spot‐billed duck (Emura, ), three species of herons (Emura, ), Japanese pygmy, woodpecker (Emura et al, ), common quail (Parchami et al, ), rainbow lorikeet (Emura et al, ), domestic pigeon (Parchami and Fatahian Dehkordi, ), red jungle fowl (Kadhim et al, ), chukar partridge (Erdoğan et al, ), white‐breasted kingfisher (El‐Bakary, ), Muscovy duck (Igwebuike and Anagor, ), white‐throated kingfisher and common buzzard (El‐Beltagy, ), Black Francolin (Kadhim et al, ), quail (Uppal et al, ). Swiftlet (Shah and Aziz, ), hooded crow (Elsheikh and Al‐Zahaby, ), common kingfisher (Al‐Zahaby Sh and Elsheikh, ), domestic duck (Bello et al, ), southern lapwing (Erdoğan and Pérez, ), E. ibis and G. gallus (Sabry, ).…”

Histo-Morphological Comparison of the Tongue between Grainivorous and Insectivorous Birds

“…According to their lifestyle, birds have different feeding habits, with differences corresponding to the shape of their beak and tongues. Most bird's lives in different environment such as the air, the land and the water, many authors illustrated that the shape and structure of the tongue differs according to the type of food and method of food intake (Jackowiak et al, 2011;Al-Zahaby & Elsheikh, The structure of mucosa of the tongue, type and distribution of lingual papillae and the degrees of keratinization of the lingual epitheliumin relation to feeding habits were described by many authors as white tailed eagle (Jackowiak & Godynicki, 2005), cormorant (Jackowiak et al, 2006), ostrich (Jackowiak & Ludwig, 2008), peregrine falcon and common kestrel (Emura et al, 2008), spot-billed duck (Emura, 2009a), three species of herons (Emura, 2009b), woodpecker (Emura et al), common quail (Parchami et al, 2010), domestic pigeon (Parchami & Dehkordi, 2011), red jungle fowl (Kadhim et al, 2014), chukar partridge (Erdogan et al, 2012), Muscovy duck (Igwebuike & Anagor, 2013), white-throated kingfisher and common buzzard (El-Beltagy, 2013), Black Francolin (Kadhim et al), the common kingfisher (Al-Zahaby & Elsheikh), southern lapwing (Erdogan & Perez, 2015). From the previous observations, there are a correlation between shape, structure of the tongue and nature of food, also the mechanism of food intake and bird's habits.…”