Histological Evaluation of Bone Regeneration Using Hydroxyapatite Based Bone Substitute Derived from Antler: An Animal Study

Abstract

Objective: Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is considered as a prerequisite in some cases of implant dentistry. For this purpose, bone materials are commonly used. Calcium compounds and Ca-P based materials like hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca 10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2 ), due to their similarity with the human bone, can be used as graft materials for bone regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate biocompatibility of antler xenograft and compare the osteoconduction effects of antler xenograft with Cerabone in regeneration of calvarium bony defects of rabbits. Methods and Materials:Five defects with a diameter of 6 mm and a depth of 3 mm were prepared in the calvarium of four rabbits. Thereafter, two defects were randomly grafted with antler xenograft, two defects were filled with Cerabone, and one defect remained as the untreated group. Histological evaluations, including measuring percentage of new regenerated bone and the amounts of osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte cells, were also performed. To do statistical analyses, paired t-test, chi-square, and Fisher tests were applied. Results:The percentage of new bone formation was significantly higher in antler xenograft (73.33%) and in Cerabone (48.91 %) compared to the untreated group (18.91%). The amounts of osteocytes and osteoblasts were obtained as 3.52 ± 0.17 and 2.41 ± 0.24 in the Antler xenograft and as 2.57 ± 0.29 and 2.31 ± 0.32 in the Cerabone group, respectively. Bone marrow formation were significantly higher in antler xenograft (6.66 ± 5.34) and Cerabone (1.99 ± 3.17) compared to the untreated group. Conclusion:According to this pilot study, results of using antler xenograft as an osteoconductive materials in regeneration of rabbit calvarial defects are comparable with Cerabone. Although more clinical studies are needed.

First Clinical Case Report of a Xenograft–Allograft Combination for Alveolar Ridge Augmentation Using a Bovine Bone Substitute Material with Hyaluronate (Cerabone® Plus) Combined with Allogeneic Bone Granules (Maxgraft®)

“…The excellent hydrophilicity of cerabone ® has been demonstrated via high-speed microscopical image analysis [16]. In accordance, an analysis of the regeneration capacity and immune response to xenogeneic and synthetic bone substitute materials showed that the xenogeneic cerabone ® induced a higher anti-inflammatory reaction [17][18][19]. Accordingly, a histologic, histomorphometric, and radiographic analysis of cerabone ® used in sinus floor elevation found that this bovine bone substitute material proved to be effective in slowly resorbing osseoconductive material [20].…”

“…Like allogeneic grafts, they are processed and purified to minimize the risk of disease transmission and immunogenic reactions [7,54]. Xenogeneic bone substitutes also offer excellent osteoconductive properties, and have been widely used in dental implant procedures [7,[9][10][11][12][13]18,19]. In addition, high-temperature-treated bovine bone substitute materials such as cerabone ® provide long-term volume stability due to slow resorption [11].…”

Critical-sized marginal defects around implants treated with xenografts in rabbits

“…It is processed at 1,200ºC and presents a less intense gradual release of calcium ions [16,22]. The use of this biomaterial has been reported by a few animal [23][24][25] and clinical studies [26,27]. Recently, it has been demonstrated that this xenograft supports the formation of new and stable bone volume in circumferential defects around implants in minipigs [28].…”