Highly sensitive transverse load sensing with reversible sampled fiber Bragg gratings

Shu, Xuewen; Chisholm, Karen E.; Felmeri, Ian; Sugden, Kate; Gillooly, A.; Zhang, Lin; Bennion, I.

doi:10.1063/1.1618367

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Thus various grating-based pressure sensors have been developed to measure the applied transverse load. 87,[143][144][145][146][147][148] Pressure sensors based on conversional UV-laser-induced gratings usually, however, fail to determine the direction of the applied force due to their symmetric transverse-loading characteristics. The CO 2 -laser-induced LPFGs exhibit asymmetric transverse-loading characteristics due to the load-induced birefringence that leads to the rotation of optical principal axes in the gratings.…”

Section: E Pressure Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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This paper presents a systematic review of long period fiber gratings (LPFGs) written by the CO2 laser irradiation technique. First, various fabrication techniques based on CO2 laser irradiations are demonstrated to write LPFGs in different types of optical fibers such as conventional glass fibers, solid-core photonic crystal fibers, and air-core photonic bandgap fibers. Second, possible mechanisms, e.g., residual stress relaxation, glass structure changes, and physical deformation, of refractive index modulations in the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are analyzed. Third, asymmetrical mode coupling, resulting from single-side laser irradiation, is discussed to understand unique optical properties of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs. Fourthly, several pretreament and post-treatment techniques are proposed to enhance the efficiency of grating fabrications. Fifthly, sensing applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based temperature, strain, bend, torsion, pressure, and biochemical sensors. Finally, communication applications of the CO2-laser-induced LPFGs are investigated to develop various LPFG-based band-rejection filters, gain equalizers, polarizers, and couplers.

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Section: E Pressure Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Wang

2010

Journal of Applied Physics

220

134

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Thus far, the FBG sensors' capability to measure physical quantities such as the temperature, strain, pressure, etc., has been studied extensively. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the use of FBG sensors for detection of environmental refractive index change has not been fully explored. Refractive index sensing is important for biological and chemical applications since a number of substances can be detected through measurements of the refractive index.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors

Liang

Huang

et al. 2005

Applied Physics Letters

580

254

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We combine fiber Bragg grating ͑FBG͒ technology with a wet chemical etch-erosion procedure and demonstrate two types of refractive index sensors using single-mode optical fibers. The first index sensor device is an etch-eroded single FBG with a radius of 3 m, which is used to measure the indices of four different liquids. The second index sensor device is an etch-eroded fiber Fabry-Pérot interferometer ͑FFPI͒ with a radius of ϳ1.5 m and is used to measure the refractive indices of isopropyl alcohol solutions of different concentrations. Due to its narrower resonance spectral feature, the FFPI sensor has a higher sensitivity than the FBG sensor and can detect an index variation of 1.4ϫ 10 −5 . Since we can measure the reflection signal, these two types of sensors can be fabricated at the end of a fiber and used as point sensors. Since the early 1990s, fiber Bragg grating ͑FBG͒ sensors have been intensively developed due to their many desirable advantages such as the small size, absolute measurement capability, immunity to electromagnetic interference, wavelength multiplexing, and distributed sensing possibilities. [1][2][3][4][5] Thus far, the FBG sensors' capability to measure physical quantities such as the temperature, strain, pressure, etc., has been studied extensively. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the use of FBG sensors for detection of environmental refractive index change has not been fully explored. Refractive index sensing is important for biological and chemical applications since a number of substances can be detected through measurements of the refractive index. [2][3][4][8][9][10][11][12][13] For normal FBGs, removal of the fiber cladding is required to increase the evanescent field interaction with the surrounding environment. This concept has been demonstrated using D-shaped fiber and sidepolished fiber. 9,11,12 In both cases, the strength and durability of the sensor were greatly reduced. Special fiber was also needed, which would raise the costs and limit the possible applications. Long-period fiber gratings have also been demonstrated to have high sensitivity to the refractive index of the ambient media, 2,3,13-15 however, their multiple resonance peaks and broad ͑typically tens of nanometers͒ transmission resonance features limit the measurement accuracy and their multiplexing capabilities. 9 In addition, the relatively long length of the grating limits their application as point sensor devices.In this letter, we first demonstrate a single etch-eroded FBG sensor using standard single-mode telecommunication fiber ͑Corning SMF-28͒. Fiber Fabry-Pérot interferometers ͑FFPIs͒ have also been widely used as sensors. 2,3,16,17 Compared to a single FBG, the FFPI sensors possess narrower resonance peaks and are more desirable for high accuracy wavelength measurement. 2,3,9,18 To that end we propose and demonstrate an etch-eroded FFPI sensor formed by two FBGs. The FFPI sensor is used to measure the refractive index of isopropyl alcohol ͑IPA͒ solutions of different concentrations, exhibiting the capabi...

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“…Fiberoptic sensors based on fiber Bragg gratings [22][23][24][25][26] or long period gratings [27] have been reported for transverse load sensing. In this paper, we demonstrated that the transverse load sensing can be realized by using the proposed bubble-structure micro-cavity.…”

Section: Characterization Of Fiber Tip Micro-cavity Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Fiber-Tip Fabry-Perot Interferometer and Its Application for Transverse Load Sensing

Jiang¹,

Chen²

2014

PIER Letters

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Abstract-A Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor based on a fiber-tip bubble-structure micro-cavity is proposed, fabricated, and demonstrated for transverse load sensing. The micro-cavity is fabricated by using arc discharge at the end of a multimode fiber which has been processed with chemical etching.A transverse load sensitivity of 3.64 nm/N and a relative low temperature sensitivity of about 2 pm/ • C are experimentally demonstrated for the proposed fiber-tip bubble-structure micro-cavity sensor. The sensor has the advantages of low-cost, ease of fabrication and compact size, which make it a promising candidate for transverse load sensing in harsh environments.

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Highly sensitive transverse load sensing with reversible sampled fiber Bragg gratings

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Review of long period fiber gratings written by CO2 laser

Highly sensitive fiber Bragg grating refractive index sensors

Low-Cost Fiber-Tip Fabry-Perot Interferometer and Its Application for Transverse Load Sensing

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