“…Due to these evident advantages, PW 4 has received significant attention as an active component for construction of heterogeneous epoxidation catalysts (Neumann and Miller, 1995;Neumann and Cohen, 1997;Hoegaerts et al, 2000;Sakamoto and Pac, 2000;Sels et al, 2000;Kovalchuk et al, 2007;Sofia et al, 2009;Maksimchuk et al, 2010;Leng et al, 2011;Doherty et al, 2012;Swalus et al, 2013;Nojima et al, 2015;Peng et al, 2016;Masteri-Farahani and Modarres, 2017;Shen et al, 2017;You et al, 2018). Silica modified by various cationic functional groups was widely used as support for immobilization of PW 4 (Neumann and Miller, 1995;Neumann and Cohen, 1997;Hoegaerts et al, 2000;Sakamoto and Pac, 2000;Kovalchuk et al, 2007;Sofia et al, 2009).…”