Highly selective etherification of fructose and 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural over a novel Pd‐Ru/MXene catalyst for sustainable liquid fuel production

Abstract

Sustainable liquid fuel production from bio-oil compounds has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The catalytic etherification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) is an effective approach for the production of liquid fuels. However, the development of high-performance and chemically stable catalysts has remained challenging.In this work, ultra-small Pd-Ru NPs were successfully immobilized on the surfaces of 2D MXene nanosheets (Pd-Ru/MXene) via fish sperm DNA-assisted microwave process. HR-TEM imaging results with SAED analysis showed that the hexagonal closed-pack (hcp) Pd-Ru NPs were grown on the surfaces of sheet-like MXene, thus enhancing the specific surface area of 117 m 2 g −1 and providing a higher density of the acid-base sites. Furthermore, Pd-Ru/MXene was employed for the etherification of HMF into EMF. The results showed that the Pd-Ru/MXene catalyst exhibited 98% EMF yield and 100% HMF conversion with the prolonged usage of catalyst for five consecutive reuse cycles.Additionally, fructose was directly converted into EMF with a higher yield of 82% over the Pd-Ru/MXene catalyst at lower reaction conditions. The recyclability test of the used Pd-Ru/MXene catalyst demonstrated its chemical stability under prolonged usage for several hours and is therefore suitable for commercial renewable liquid fuel production. Novelty Statement• The catalytic transformation of biomass into diesel-miscible biofuel is a sustainable route for liquid fuel production and has recently attracted massive attention.• The chemically stable and high-performance Pd-Ru/MXene catalyst was successfully prepared and characterized.

RETRACTED: Recent Development of Renewable Diesel Production Using Bimetallic Catalysts

“…The introduction of renewable diesel (RD) as fossil fuel replacement is attractive due to its similarity of chemical structure with petroleum diesel. RD is producible using biodiesel feedstocks such as microalgae, date seeds, Jatropha curcas and lignocellulosic biomass (Mofijur et al, 2013b;Bharath et al, 2021;Low et al, 2021;Oladipupo Kareem et al, 2021). However, the production often involves catalytic processes that are governed by catalysts.…”

MXene/SnS2 Heterojunction for Detecting Sub-ppm NH3 at Room Temperature

“…The corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of SnS 2 exhibits a polycrystalline structure and that of MXene is a single crystal. The concentric diffraction rings with radii from small to large correspond to lattice planes of (011), (001), (012), and (110) of hexagonal SnS 2 , and the bright spots correspond to a typical diffraction pattern for MXene . The elemental mapping information of MXene and MXene/SnS 2 heterojunctions are provided in the Supporting Materials.…”

Highly Efficient One-Step Conversion of Fructose to Biofuel 5-Ethoxymethylfurfural Using a UIO-66-SO3H Catalyst

“… Manjunathan et al, (2021 ) found a catalyst consisting of divinylbenzene (DVB) and sodium p-styrenesulfonate (SPSS) copolymerized with a sulfonated hydrophobic mesoporous organic polymer (MOP-SO 3 H) catalyst, which was able to achieve an EMF yield of 72.2% under the conditions of a bulk catalyst-catalyzed reaction. Bharath et al, (2021 ) immobilized the ultra-small Pd–Ru nanoparticles on the surface of 2D MXene nanosheets to produce a catalyst (Pd-Ru/MXene), which was reacted at 120°C for 2.5 h and was able to obtain a final EMF yield of 82%. Compared with the previous two catalysts, the catalyst prepared in this study has good catalytic effect.…”