Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt

Selim, Abdullah; Erfan, Ahmed M.; Hagag, Naglaa M.; Zanaty, Ali; Samir, Abdelhafez; Samy, Mohamed; Abdelhalim, Ahmed; Arafa, Abdel Satar; Soliman, Mohamed A.; Shaheen, Momtaz; Ibraheem, Essam M.; Mahrous, Ibrahim; Hassan, Mohamed K.; Naguib, Mahmoud M.

doi:10.3201/eid2306.162056

Cited by 86 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Multiple IAV subtypes (HPAI-H5N1, HPAI-H5N8, and LPAI-H9N2) are co-circulating in Egypt, resulting in huge economic losses. Notably, both HPAI-H5N1 and H5N8 were first detected in wild birds from a wetland in the Damietta Governorate in northern Egypt shortly before spreading to domestic birds [13][14][15]. In contrast, LPAI-H9N2 was first detected in domestic birds in Giza [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

et al. 2020

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Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E. coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66-96% and 23-43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds' habitats is urgently needed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

et al. 2020

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“…During the winter season of 2016–2017, H5Nx viruses again spread throughout three continents: Eurasia, North America and Africa . H5N8 viruses belonging to Clade 2.3.4.4 Group B were reportedly isolated in Europe, Iran, and Egypt , whereas H5N6 viruses belonging Clade 2.3.4.4 Group C were isolated in East Asia . Detailed analyses of the isolates are still ongoing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

Hiono¹,

Okamatsu²,

Matsuno³

et al. 2017

Microbiology and Immunology

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On 15 November 2016, a black swan that had died in a zoo in Akita prefecture, northern Japan, was strongly suspected to have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI); an HPAI virus (HPAIV) belonging to the H5N6 subtype was isolated from specimens taken from the bird. After the initial report, 230 cases of HPAI caused by H5N6 viruses from wild birds, captive birds, and domestic poultry farms were reported throughout the country during the winter season. In the present study, 66 H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from northern Japan were further characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene showed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in northern Japan clustered into Group C of Clade 2.3.4.4 together with other isolates collected in Japan, Korea and Taiwan during the winter season of 2016-2017. The antigenicity of the Japanese H5N6 isolate differed slightly from that of HPAIVs isolated previously in Japan and China. The virus exhibited high pathogenicity and a high replication capacity in chickens, whereas virus growth was slightly lower in ducks compared with that of an H5N8 HPAIV isolate collected in Japan in 2014. Comprehensive analyses of Japanese isolates, including those from central, western, and southern Japan, as well as rapid publication of this information are essential for facilitating greater control of HPAIVs.

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“…Intriguingly, most of the swine samples processed in Australia, Europe, and North America were obtained from the symptomatic swine whi Egypt is recognized as a "hot spot" for the influenza virus reassortment due to its geographical location [345]. The role of migratory wild birds in the introduction of avian influenza in Egypt has been already established [346,347], and the highly pathogenic strains of the IAV have previously been detected in migratory birds in Egypt [348]. Since migratory wild birds were reported to harbor in the vicinity of Cairo [60] therefore, the probability of the migratory bird-swine interaction in the regions remain high which very well explains the occurrence of highly and low pathogenic strains of avianorigin IAV in swine in Cairo, Egypt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide

Chauhan

Gordon

2020

Pathogens

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The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a "mixing vessel" for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18),

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Clade 2.3.4.4 Infection in Migratory Birds, Egypt

Cited by 86 publications

References 9 publications

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt

Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan

A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide

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